drunk driving

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Drunk Driving


In 180, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (or MADD) was formed. Since that time, our nations awareness about the dangers of drinking and driving has increased dramatically. Manufacturers of alcohol have exhibited their social awareness by creating and promoting drink responsibly messages.


The following excerpt is from a session conducted at the Traffic Safety on Two Continents conference held at The Hague, The Netherlands in 1. (written by Barry M. Sweedler, National Transportation Safety Board, 40 LEnfant Plaza, S.W., Washington, DC 054, USA. The abstract was entitled The Worldwide Decline in Drinking and Driving


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In the U.S., drivers involved in fatal crashes testing positive for alcohol dropped from 8. to 8.6 percent from 18 to 1. In that same time period, alcohol related fatalities in highway crashes dropped from 5,165 to 17,85. The total number of drivers involved in fatal crashes increased for the most part through the 180s until 18 when a steady decline began. By contrast, the proportion of drivers in fatal crashes with any measurable BAC has declined fairly steadily throughout the period. the proportion of fatally injured pedestrians who are impaired by alcohol has also decreased, though not to the same extentas that of drivers. In 18, 45 percent of fatally injured pedestrians over 16 years of age had BACs of .10% and above. That proportion fell to 8 percent in 1. the difference between the trend for non-alcohol-related as compared to alcohol-related fatalities suggests that it is alcohol programs rather than highway or motor vehicle improvements (emphasis added) that are responsible for the decrease in fatalities. Four types of factors that may have played a role in the reduction include deterrence strategies, primarily related to traffic safety polices and legislation; the raising of the drinking age to 1; changes in alcohol consumption; and increased public awareness and citizen activism.


Last CallTM .08% Alcohol Level Indicators take public awareness and civic activism to a new place. Our product provides an indicator chemistry which informs a person of their breath-alcohol concentration.





Underage Drinking


Underage drinking is capturing the attention of many concerned with reducing the incidence of substance abuse. Alcohol is a drug. When consumed by minors, alcohol is an illegal drug.


Underage drinking contributes to a disproportionate number of vehicular accidents in persons between the ages of 16 and 1. There is a higher incidence of binge drinking and alcohol poisoning among this same age group.


Parents have an obligation to establish boundaries for their children. Boundaries serve to educate the child, to protect the health of the child and to ensure the safety of the child. Boundaries may also be set to safeguard others (i.e. to prevent drunk driving).


Last Call .08% Alcohol Level Indicators are an effective tool in protecting your child. Consider the following two case studies


Case 1


Joe Teen just got his drivers license. Joes parents want to impress upon their son the responsibility associated with operating an automobile. Sure, a drivers license means freedom and fun. However, operating the family vehicle is a privilege not a right. Therefore, Joes parents outline reasonable rules of operation. No speeding. No drinking and driving. No more than three passengers at any one time. Joe promises that he will obey those rules.


We all know the difficulty with rules is enforcement. The rules themselves are not the issue but rather the meaning behind the rules Use good judgment. An objective measurement system can increase adherence to established rules.


Joes parents take an extra step to ensure adherence to the drinking and driving rule. In taking this step, they are careful to communicate openly and honestly with Joe. We trust you Joe. We just believe that the dangers of drinking and driving have life-long implications. Therefore, we intend to randomly test your BAC using Last Call .08% Alcohol Level Indicators. If you test negatively we will suspend your license.


Case


Suzy Freshman is invited to a high school party by an upper classman. Suzys parents do not condone underage drinking. Suzy knows this and respects this boundary. However, what about Suzys date? What are his boundaries?


Suzy goes to the party. She has a great time with her friends and date. Alcohol was available at the party. As Suzy and her date prepare to leave, Suzy asks her date whether he had any alcohol. What does he answer? Does he answer truthfully?


Suppose Suzy had Last Call .08% Alcohol Level Indicators in her purse. Suzy could ask her date to take the test! Both Suzy and her date would have an objective indication.


Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)


What is BAC?


BAC stands for blood alcohol concentration. BAC measures the percentage of alcohol in a persons blood. If a person has .10% BAC, he/she has one part alcohol for every thousand parts of blood. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) provides help in understanding and computing a BAC estimate. This BAC Report is very technical and therefore difficult to read. If you are interested in reading this report click the following link


BAC Estimator Program


The BAC estimate is a simple formula. However, it is only an estimate. The BAC formula depends on certain assumptions which can only be expressed as averages. It is difficult to know the true components of the calculation.


Alcohol concentration is defined in terms of the weight of ethanol (Ethyl alcohol) in a volume of blood or breath. In the United States the typical measure is grams of ethanol in 100 milliliters of blood or in 10 liters of breath.


What are the variables in the BAC formula?


body weight


amount of consumed (number of drinks)


concentration of alcohol in beverage consumed


time period


male or female


What are the complicating factors in the BAC formula?


water as a percent of total body weight (total body water)


metabolism rate


percent of water in blood


drinking history


Younger people have a higher water weight than older people. Overweight people experience a lower percentage of water weight than lean people. The fraction of error is reportedly low.


Metabolism is the most unpredictable factor in calculating BAC. On average a person experiences a .017 per hour decline in BAC. The range varies from .04 on the high side to .01 on the low side. To be conservative, one would use .01 per hour decline in BAC. Above average decline in BAC is .00 per hour. The percent of water in blood also varies. However, 80.6% water in blood is considered a reasonable measure.


Heavy drinkers (those who drink 60 or more drinks per month) experience a higher metabolism rate - i.e. they eliminate alcohol more efficiently. This group would experience an above average (or .0 per hour) decline in BAC.


How is alcohol eliminated from my body?


Alcohol is eliminated through metabolism or burnoff. Metabolism begins the moment ingestion begins. The BAC formula calculates the theoretical instantaneous BAC for one ounce of alcohol.


Example of BAC estimate?


TENNESSEE


What is the law?


Tennessee law states that it is illegal to operate a motor vehicle if your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) exceeds .10%. Tennessee observes a per se law.


ALABAMA


What is the law?


Alabama law states that it is illegal to operate a motor vehicle if your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) exceeds .08%. Alabama observes a per se law BAC at or above .08% is per se illegal.


GEORGIA


What is the law?


Georgia law states that it is illegal to operate a motor vehicle if your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) exceeds .10%. Georgia observes a per se law.


Find the BAC for a 150 pound male who consumes one can of beer in one hour.


convert pounds (lbs) to kilograms (kg)


[150lbs ÷ .046 = 68.04kg]


convert weight to volume - 1 kg of water = 1 liter of water


[68.04kg = 68.04liters]


calculate total body water or water as a percent of body weight - on average men exhibit 58% water weight while women exhibit 4% water weight


[68.04kg .58 = .46liters or ,46ml (milliliters)]


determine the weight in grams of one ounce (1 oz.) of alcohol (alcohol has a specific gravity of .7)


[.57ml/oz .7 g/ml = .6 g/oz.]


calculate alcohol concentration for one ounce (1 oz.) of alcohol


[.6g ÷ ,46ml = .0005 grams alcohol/ml of water]


calculate alcohol concentration in blood (blood is composed of 80.6% water)


[.0005 .806 = .000477 grams alcohol/ml of blood]


convert to standard measure (i.e. In the United States the typical measure is grams of ethanol in 100 milliliters of blood or in 10 liters of breath.)


[.000477 100 = .0477 grams alcohol per 100 ml, or .048 BAC]


Note At this point in the formula, we have calculated an instantaneous BAC for one ounce of alcohol. We need to allow for the variable of time and the actual amount of alcohol consumed.


convert instantaneous 1 oz. BAC to actual alcohol consumed (one typical 1 oz. can of beer contains 4.5% alcohol)


[1oz. .045 = .54oz. of alcohol]


[.0477 .54 = .058 BAC]


account for time and metabolism - we will complete this example with a conservative measure


[.058 - .01 = .018 BAC]





Principle of Testing


Alcohol that a person drinks shows up in the breath because it gets absorbed from the mouth, throat, stomach and intestines into the bloodstream.


Alcohol is not digested upon absorption, nor chemically changed in the bloodstream. As the blood goes through the lungs, some of the alcohol moves across the membranes of the lungs air sacs (alveoli) into the air, because alcohol will evaporate from a solution -- that is, it is volatile. The concentration of the alcohol in the alveolar air is related to the concentration of the alcohol in the blood. As the alcohol in the alveolar air is exhaled, it can be detected by the breath alcohol testing device. Instead of having to draw a drivers blood to test his alcohol level, an officer can test the drivers breath on the spot and instantly know if there is a reason to arrest the driver.


Because the alcohol concentration in the breath is related to that in the blood, you can figure the BAC by measuring alcohol on the breath. The ratio of breath alcohol to blood alcohol is ,1001. This means that ,100 milliliters (ml) of alveolar air will contain the same amount of alcohol as 1 ml of blood.


For many years, the legal standard for drunkenness across the United States was 0.10, but many states have now adopted the 0.08 standard. The federal government has pushed states to lower the legal limit. The American Medical Association says that a person can become impaired when the blood alcohol level hits 0.05. If a persons BAC measures 0.08, it means that there are 0.08 grams of alcohol per 100 ml of blood.


There are several different devices used for measuring BAC.





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