17th Century Puritans

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Unit One Essay


In the 1600’s, the Puritan bay colonists believed that they had a covenant with God, an agreement to build a pure or holy society that would be a model for humankind. Though they were successful in their attempt to establish this society, It was not strong enough to stand up to the problems it was faced with. Both their efforts to liberalize membership requirements and their strict theological doctrines paid a heavy toll on the early Congregational church. This set the stage for the Great Awakening, which may have been the most influential part of Puritan society.


The “freemen”, adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations, formed the collective Congregational church. Church membership was given only to “visible saints” and those who claimed to be converted. But, church membership seemed to be declining, so the Half-Way Covenant was introduced in a desperate move to maintain the Puritan church. The Covenant offered partial membership rights to people not yet converted. Another strong belief was predestination, which stated that the all-knowing God had already chosen who was going to heaven. However, Anne Hutchinson, a dissenter of the colony, believed that a holy life was not a sure sign of salvation. The Puritan magistrate later banished her for her beliefs, in fear that she would corrupt the entire Puritan experiment.


According to the doctrine of the covenant, the whole purpose of the Puritan government was to enforce God’s laws. The Puritans based their lives entirely on these laws and doctrines. For religious reasons, they were interested more in the education. The Congregational church, which dominated the education, stressed the need for Bible readings by the individual worshiper. The primary goal of the clergy was to make good Christians rather than good citizens. Like John Winthrop, the bay colony’s governor, the Puritans also believed in the doctrine of a “calling” to do God’s work on earth. They were committed to God, and every aspect of their lives reflected it.


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In the early eighteenth century, a Protestant revival occurred called the Great Awakening. Its leaders hoped to halt the spiritual decline by arousing in the individual an experience of personal conversion. The revival began in Massachusetts, led by the Congregational minister Jonathan Edwards. But, Edwards could not compare to the preaching of George Whitefield, who brought the revival to new heights and revolutionized the spiritual life of the colonies. The far-reaching effects of the Awakening caused splits in Congregational and Presbyterian churches between Old Lights, who opposed the strict doctrine of the revival, and New Lights, who supported it. The Great Awakening strengthened religious toleration, for each of many denominations wanted freedom of worship. It also tended to break down sectionalism by creating a common religious experience in the colonies. Finally, the revival movement encouraged democracy by ending an upper-class monopoly on religious life and church government.


The Puritans were successful to build their holy society, however, because of their strict policies on church membership and their strong theological doctrines, the church and society declined. The Great Awakening was a late attempt to revive the religious life and end the spiritual decline. The Awakening may have been very influential on Puritan society, but it was not enough to hold the Congregational church, the head of Puritan society, together.





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