Critical Thinking

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There are so many instances in life where ethics play a major role in decisions that we, as humans, make. Ethical decision making processes take place mostly when conclusions are reached that directly affect people, but what are ethics? The Random House-Webster¹s Dictionary of Modern English defines ethics as The branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of actions and the goodness and badness of motives and ends. (Random House) Ethics refers to principles that define behavior as right, good and proper. Such principles do not always dictate a single moral course of action, but provide a means of evaluating and deciding among competing options.

An ethically defensible decision includes a number of important elements. Most crucial are the ground rules that underlie such a decision. These can include informal ground rules like religious faith, family values, personal experiences, and the personality of the individual. However, more formalized ground rules that are usually steeped in the philosophy of ethics may prove to be much more useful for making ethically defensible decisions. For example, a decision to allow a request for doctor- assisted suicide is ethically defensible using Kant’s Categorical Imperative, a term which originated in Immanuel Kants ethics. It expresses the moral law as ultimately enacted by reason and demanding obedience from mere respect for reason. Kant in his ethics takes his point of departure from the concept of a good will Nothing can possibly be conceived in the world or out of it that can be called well without qualification except a good will. But that will alone is good which acts not only conformably to duty, but also from duty. And again the will acts from duty when it is determined merely by respect for the law. (New Advent)

In recent years, the impact of ethical debacles like Enron and WorldCom in the business world have resulted in renewed discussions of ethical decision making in both the personal and business spheres. Clearly, Enron and WorldCom represented some of the most extreme examples of ethically challenged decisions, yet they clearly represent a need for a better understanding of ethics in decision making. Enron was not the only company that used bad ethics when making a decision, the accounting firm of Arthur Andersen used poor judgment when they decided that they would shred evidence of there knowledge Enron’s financial situation. That was a decision that I still try to understand. Accountants take an oath, like attorneys to uphold the law and rules governing the reporting of financials to the federal gov’t. Arthur Anderson firm clearly violated the trust and ethics they were to uphold as accountants. Sometime I feel that money clearly impairs people’s judgment, there respect for rightness and wrongness.

“Ethics is more than a set of guidelines. It is a way of life. It begins with personal conduct and reaches out to the areas of patient care, professional relationships, and how we deal with community resources and services” (Baumgartner)




As discussed above, decision making and action of the client and the professional tends to be filtered through the organization’s influence. Each organization has a separate and unique culture and interpretation of how to make decisions. Each defines exactly how it will function in terms of ethical behavior. Each individual’s value systems, a basic ingredient in the decision making process, is also different from others. Interpretation of societal rules, customs and expectations is processed in a highly individualized manner. (Richard) Professional boundaries, personalities and environments are also pertinent to deciding a course of action. Any of these variables may influence one individual to act differently than another, given the same situation. In reality, all the above mentioned variables, as well as others not identified, are factored into the day-to-day practice of the work adjustment professional. The current economic and political reality adds to the complexity. It has become increasingly difficult to make decisions that will not be questioned in terms of their ethical appropriateness. When a situation arises which causes us to be torn between two or more actions or decisions, an ethical dilemma exists. Work adjustment professionals must move forward with their best effort to serve the client in an effective way. Certainly, successful accomplishment of effectiveness will be enhanced by remembering that the best decisions make use of all three dimensions, the client, the professional, and the organizational perspective.

This sounds like if you just follow your conscience then it would be fairly easy to come up with the right verdict. There is only one flaw in respect to this hypothesis; it doesn¹t always work. When making decisions one’s ethics are always used, we always check the rightness or wrongness of the situation and we always hope to make the best decision one can make without putting our morals at risk.



Ethical Decision Making and Information Technology, nd edition. N.Y. McGraw-Hill, 16. 18.

Baumgartner, Richard (17) Vocational Education and Work Adjustment Bulletin, (Winter), , 4-8.

Paul, Richard. Critical Thinking. Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique. Rohnert Park, CA, 10.



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