We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Small Business even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Small Business in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The Importance of Small Business
Entrepreneurs and their small businesses play an important role in the economy of the United States. Some people think of small business as the heart of the free enterprise system. Americans are free to try their hands at running their own business and watch their business dreams come true.
Facts about Entrepreneurs
· Keep economy strong by creating jobs
· Provide products and services
· Small businesses employ well over half of all working Americans
· Has helped the United States have a higher standard of living.
· Identifies and meets consumer needs.
· Creates competition between small business and large corporations.
· Creates a range of products and services.
According to the Internal Revenue Service, small businesses account for 44 percent of all the money collected by the tax agency annually. And according to the United States Small Business Administrations Office of Advocacy, between 10 and 15, small businesses created nearly 77 percent of net new jobs, while from 16 to 17, small businesses created about 76 percent of net new jobs.
Small enterprises also produced 55 percent of innovations, twice as many product innovations as large firms, and obtained more patents per sales dollar than large business.
who says the total number of home-based businesses was estimated as 81,0.
Small firms
· Represent more than .7 percent of all employers.
· Employ more than half of all private sector employees.
· Pay 44.5 percent of total U.S. private payroll.
· Generate 60 to 80 percent of net new jobs annually.
· Create more than 50 percent of nonfarm private gross domestic product (GDP).
· Supplied .8 percent of the total value of federal prime contracts (about $50 billion) in FY 001.
· Produce 1 to 14 times more patents per employee than large patenting firms. These patents are twice as likely as large firm patents to be among the one percent most cited.
· Are employers of percent of high tech workers (such as scientists, engineers, and computer workers).
· Are 5 percent home-based and percent franchises.
· Made up 7 percent of all identified exporters and produced percent of the known export value in FY 001.
Mind that the sample papers like Small Business presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Showing posts with label essays for free. Show all posts
Showing posts with label essays for free. Show all posts
Sunday, August 12, 2012
Tuesday, July 24, 2012
ESSAY ON CLOSE TO THE BONE BY ROBERTA SEID
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like ESSAY ON CLOSE TO THE BONE BY ROBERTA SEID even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like ESSAY ON CLOSE TO THE BONE BY ROBERTA SEID in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
In her article Too ‘Close to the Bone’ The Historical Context for Women’s Obsession with Slenderness, Roberta Seid, a lecturer at the University of Southern California, examines what she calls the historical context, as well as the negative effects, of society’s ideal of slenderness. Seid main point in the article is that the current ideal body size of society is much too thin to be healthy. While Seid does have a well founded belief, her use of logical fallacies and a few extreme views may
In her article Too ‘Close to the Bone’ The Historical Context for Women’s Obsession with Slenderness, Roberta Seid, a lecturer at the University of Southern California, examines what she calls the historical context, as well as the negative effects, of society’s ideal of slenderness. Seid main point in the article is that the current ideal body size of society is much too thin to be healthy. While Seid does have a well founded belief, her use of logical fallacies and a few extreme views may
Views of sales leadership Leader member exchange sales manager interact with individual sales people rather than processing one style or set of behaviors to be use in standardize situations. One study found that the higher the quality of exchange relationship between sales person and sales manager, the greater the sales person’s goal commitment and ultimately performance. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP they provide intellectual simulation, often by showing the employees new ways of thinking or completing tasks. Another aspect of of transformational leadership is individualized consideration, through which employees are given personalize attention, it can also influence sales people to perform avobe and beyond the call duty. BEHAVIORAL SALES MANAGEMENT involves self imposed planning, behavior, evaluation, rewards, and punishment. The advantages are many people works without constant supervision, so self-control and self dicipline are important for success. Second, individuals usually work more enthusiastically when they have had significant input into planning and prioritizing their work
Mind that the sample papers like ESSAY ON CLOSE TO THE BONE BY ROBERTA SEID presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
In her article Too ‘Close to the Bone’ The Historical Context for Women’s Obsession with Slenderness, Roberta Seid, a lecturer at the University of Southern California, examines what she calls the historical context, as well as the negative effects, of society’s ideal of slenderness. Seid main point in the article is that the current ideal body size of society is much too thin to be healthy. While Seid does have a well founded belief, her use of logical fallacies and a few extreme views may
In her article Too ‘Close to the Bone’ The Historical Context for Women’s Obsession with Slenderness, Roberta Seid, a lecturer at the University of Southern California, examines what she calls the historical context, as well as the negative effects, of society’s ideal of slenderness. Seid main point in the article is that the current ideal body size of society is much too thin to be healthy. While Seid does have a well founded belief, her use of logical fallacies and a few extreme views may
Views of sales leadership Leader member exchange sales manager interact with individual sales people rather than processing one style or set of behaviors to be use in standardize situations. One study found that the higher the quality of exchange relationship between sales person and sales manager, the greater the sales person’s goal commitment and ultimately performance. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP they provide intellectual simulation, often by showing the employees new ways of thinking or completing tasks. Another aspect of of transformational leadership is individualized consideration, through which employees are given personalize attention, it can also influence sales people to perform avobe and beyond the call duty. BEHAVIORAL SALES MANAGEMENT involves self imposed planning, behavior, evaluation, rewards, and punishment. The advantages are many people works without constant supervision, so self-control and self dicipline are important for success. Second, individuals usually work more enthusiastically when they have had significant input into planning and prioritizing their work
Mind that the sample papers like ESSAY ON CLOSE TO THE BONE BY ROBERTA SEID presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, July 20, 2012
Equity problems
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Equity problems even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Equity problems in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Bill, Annie and Tonto all work for Wild West Entertainment plc. Annie is in charge of gun shooting training, Bill has responsibility for organising shows and exhibitions, and Tonto is in charge of managing the show animals.
Annie, on behalf of the company, secures a contract for the supply of 500 rifles a month from the leading gun supplier, Bullet plc. Whilst in negotiations she persuades them to add 100 barrels of gunpowder a month free of charge to the order. Annie then sells on the gunpowder to her friend, Jesse, a local cowboy.
Tonto, meanwhile, has been selling manure from the show animals for fertiliser to local farmers. He does not reveal this fact to Wild West Entertainment plc since the manure would otherwise go to waste. Tonto does not have his own bank account. Instead, when Tonto wishes to place his money in safekeeping he gives it to Bill, allowing Bill to keep ten percent.
In addition to helping out Tonto, Bill regularly carries the free gunpowder for Annie to the saloon for when she meets Jesse. Jesse’s partner, Frank, works in the contract negotiation department of Bullet plc.
Advise Wild West Entertainment plc. [Do not consider any liability arising under the criminal law.]
Lily wishes to make the following dispositions to Heather and Fern. She seeks your advice as to the validity of the proposed dispositions and to any statutory formalities that may have to be complied with upon transfer.
(a) £500,000 to be divided between all the green-eyed babies born in Oldcastle in 1.
(b) 10,000 shares, the income of which to be used for twenty one years in any manner for talented doctors who live in Oldcastle. After twenty one years the capital derived from the shares may be distributed between the children of those doctors.
(c) A reasonable number of Lilys houses to be divided between her grandchildren
Mind that the sample papers like Equity problems presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Bill, Annie and Tonto all work for Wild West Entertainment plc. Annie is in charge of gun shooting training, Bill has responsibility for organising shows and exhibitions, and Tonto is in charge of managing the show animals.
Annie, on behalf of the company, secures a contract for the supply of 500 rifles a month from the leading gun supplier, Bullet plc. Whilst in negotiations she persuades them to add 100 barrels of gunpowder a month free of charge to the order. Annie then sells on the gunpowder to her friend, Jesse, a local cowboy.
Tonto, meanwhile, has been selling manure from the show animals for fertiliser to local farmers. He does not reveal this fact to Wild West Entertainment plc since the manure would otherwise go to waste. Tonto does not have his own bank account. Instead, when Tonto wishes to place his money in safekeeping he gives it to Bill, allowing Bill to keep ten percent.
In addition to helping out Tonto, Bill regularly carries the free gunpowder for Annie to the saloon for when she meets Jesse. Jesse’s partner, Frank, works in the contract negotiation department of Bullet plc.
Advise Wild West Entertainment plc. [Do not consider any liability arising under the criminal law.]
Lily wishes to make the following dispositions to Heather and Fern. She seeks your advice as to the validity of the proposed dispositions and to any statutory formalities that may have to be complied with upon transfer.
(a) £500,000 to be divided between all the green-eyed babies born in Oldcastle in 1.
(b) 10,000 shares, the income of which to be used for twenty one years in any manner for talented doctors who live in Oldcastle. After twenty one years the capital derived from the shares may be distributed between the children of those doctors.
(c) A reasonable number of Lilys houses to be divided between her grandchildren
Mind that the sample papers like Equity problems presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, July 12, 2012
"The Knight's Tale"
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like "The Knight's Tale" even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like "The Knight's Tale" in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The Knight described through his own narrative in “The Knight’s Tale” is consistent with Chaucer’s satire of the “worthy Knight” described in the General Prologue. Through the Knight’s story, the reader is given insight into those ideals truly valued by the Knight, and is found to not exactly live up to the standards of the “ideal knight” which he is often assumed to embody. While the knight truly values the ideals of chivalry; including “Trouth and honour, freedom and curteisye,” through “The Knight’s Tale” one learns of his true passions for riches and fame, and excitement of combat; cravings which are masked by the knight’s “love and devotion to chivalry.” The reader also learns that the knight’s devotion to religion isn’t as pure and righteous as it might outwardly appear.
At the beginning of the knight’s story, he describes the Duke Theseus, who was the ruler of Athens and “so great a conqueror There were none mightier beneath the sun.” The Knight makes special note of Theseus’ “pennon of renown” that “Shone rich with gold” which he received for slaying the Minotaur in Crete. This description shows the knight’s interest in gold and riches, as well as the glory of battle. The Knight goes on to describe Theseus’ conquer on Creon, in which he “slew him manfully” and became a knight, showing again the Knight’s glorification of battle and merciless death. Later in his tale, the Knight describes the vow Arcite and Palamon agree to fight each other for the right to Emily. Arcite says to Palamon, “you are an honourable knight willing by battle to decide your claim,” glorifying this barbaric act through knightly values. The Knight describes the fight between the two, describing how “They fought till they were ankle-deep in blood,” comparing the two to vicious animals, and showing his own interest and approval of it. After Theseus arrives, he determines that he will spare their lives, and they will be able to battle for the hand of Emily in marriage. He describes, “To this I give my name, My faith and honour, as I am a knight, Whichever of you proves greater might…Can drive his foe to stake, or take his life, To him I shall give Emily to wife.” This decision shows how the knight’s brutality and love of battle is masked by his “duty” to uphold chivalry, faith, and honor.
To further show the Knight’s interest in riches and personal monetary success, the Knight gives an extremely long and detailed description of the kings who come to view the battle, and their riches. He describes the “gold chariot” that the King of Thrace rides in on, as well as his coat that “was bright with many precious stones of fiery light, with finest rubies and with diamonds.” He also describes all the possessions of Emetrius the Indian king, with his “saddle of new-beaten, burnished, gold” among many other riches. These detailed descriptions of valuable material possessions greatly contrasts the descriptions he makes in the rest of his narrative, and shows that the Knight’s true interests lie in material wealth. The Knight also greatly glorifies the battle between Arcite and Palamon, describing the nobility and righteousness of the ordeal. Also, after Arcite is mortally wounded after falling from his horse, the Knight says, “It was a jousting, just a tournament. Why should they be discouraged? After all, it’s only an accident to have a fall,” showing the Knight’s true lack of concern for death in battle his true interest only in the “glory” of the battle itself.
The Knight’s lack of religious devotion to the church, which he fights to supposedly defend, is shown to be quite obvious in his narrative. The Knight makes little or no mention at all of God’s influence in the events surrounding his tale, but rather directs the influence to that of the pagan Greek gods. In describing the imprisonment of Arcite and Palamon, it is described, “Fortune has given us this adversity, some wicked planetary dispension, some Saturn’s trick or evil constellation has given us this, and Heaven, though we had sworn the contrary, so stood when we were born.” This statement shows the Knight’s disbelief in God’s role in the events and fate of the universe; instead blaming the misfortunes on “wicked planetary dispensation” or a trick of the gods. Also, the Knight’s false faith in the Catholic religion is shone by his extensive descriptions of the temples of the Greek gods. He describes the statues and portraits of the gods, “glorious in majesty,” as creations erected in devotion to the gods, and whom the people entrust their fate in. The Knight describes that is the decision of the pagan gods that ultimately determines the fate of the two knights. The Knight’s lack or religiousness is proven when he describes the death of Arcite, telling, “His spirit changed its house and went away where I came from � where I cannot say, and so am silent. I am no divine. Souls are not mentioned in this tale of mine.” This statement shows the Knight’s lack of faith in the afterlife, and in his doubtfulness in the power of God; which is ironic because it is for God and his religion he supposedly fights valiantly for. This description of the Knight is again consistent with his description found in The General Prologue, where the Knight is described to fight on any side, solely for the thrill of the battle, without any regard to the purpose or religious affiliation of the people. Also, the Knight later describes after the Duke’s description of “The First Great Cause and Mover of all above”, “I need not quote authority or raise more proof than what experience can show,” which shows the reader the lack of faith in God the Knight possesses. The Knight does not believe in that which he has not seen himself, and that which he cannot prove from experience, showing his lack of faith.
Through “The Knight’s Tale,” the reader is given much insight into those ideals which are truly valued by the Knight. As one looks deeper, beyond the surface of the Knight’s strict code of chivalry and honor, his true motives for fighting and upholding chivalry are revealed. The Knight’s religion devotion, which he uses to mask his true love of riches and war, is proven to be very lacking, and only used as a cover-up by the Knight to appear admirable in his actions. Through his tale, the Knight’s falsehoods are truly revealed to the reader, and eventually become quite obvious.
Mind that the sample papers like "The Knight's Tale" presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Knight described through his own narrative in “The Knight’s Tale” is consistent with Chaucer’s satire of the “worthy Knight” described in the General Prologue. Through the Knight’s story, the reader is given insight into those ideals truly valued by the Knight, and is found to not exactly live up to the standards of the “ideal knight” which he is often assumed to embody. While the knight truly values the ideals of chivalry; including “Trouth and honour, freedom and curteisye,” through “The Knight’s Tale” one learns of his true passions for riches and fame, and excitement of combat; cravings which are masked by the knight’s “love and devotion to chivalry.” The reader also learns that the knight’s devotion to religion isn’t as pure and righteous as it might outwardly appear.
At the beginning of the knight’s story, he describes the Duke Theseus, who was the ruler of Athens and “so great a conqueror There were none mightier beneath the sun.” The Knight makes special note of Theseus’ “pennon of renown” that “Shone rich with gold” which he received for slaying the Minotaur in Crete. This description shows the knight’s interest in gold and riches, as well as the glory of battle. The Knight goes on to describe Theseus’ conquer on Creon, in which he “slew him manfully” and became a knight, showing again the Knight’s glorification of battle and merciless death. Later in his tale, the Knight describes the vow Arcite and Palamon agree to fight each other for the right to Emily. Arcite says to Palamon, “you are an honourable knight willing by battle to decide your claim,” glorifying this barbaric act through knightly values. The Knight describes the fight between the two, describing how “They fought till they were ankle-deep in blood,” comparing the two to vicious animals, and showing his own interest and approval of it. After Theseus arrives, he determines that he will spare their lives, and they will be able to battle for the hand of Emily in marriage. He describes, “To this I give my name, My faith and honour, as I am a knight, Whichever of you proves greater might…Can drive his foe to stake, or take his life, To him I shall give Emily to wife.” This decision shows how the knight’s brutality and love of battle is masked by his “duty” to uphold chivalry, faith, and honor.
To further show the Knight’s interest in riches and personal monetary success, the Knight gives an extremely long and detailed description of the kings who come to view the battle, and their riches. He describes the “gold chariot” that the King of Thrace rides in on, as well as his coat that “was bright with many precious stones of fiery light, with finest rubies and with diamonds.” He also describes all the possessions of Emetrius the Indian king, with his “saddle of new-beaten, burnished, gold” among many other riches. These detailed descriptions of valuable material possessions greatly contrasts the descriptions he makes in the rest of his narrative, and shows that the Knight’s true interests lie in material wealth. The Knight also greatly glorifies the battle between Arcite and Palamon, describing the nobility and righteousness of the ordeal. Also, after Arcite is mortally wounded after falling from his horse, the Knight says, “It was a jousting, just a tournament. Why should they be discouraged? After all, it’s only an accident to have a fall,” showing the Knight’s true lack of concern for death in battle his true interest only in the “glory” of the battle itself.
The Knight’s lack of religious devotion to the church, which he fights to supposedly defend, is shown to be quite obvious in his narrative. The Knight makes little or no mention at all of God’s influence in the events surrounding his tale, but rather directs the influence to that of the pagan Greek gods. In describing the imprisonment of Arcite and Palamon, it is described, “Fortune has given us this adversity, some wicked planetary dispension, some Saturn’s trick or evil constellation has given us this, and Heaven, though we had sworn the contrary, so stood when we were born.” This statement shows the Knight’s disbelief in God’s role in the events and fate of the universe; instead blaming the misfortunes on “wicked planetary dispensation” or a trick of the gods. Also, the Knight’s false faith in the Catholic religion is shone by his extensive descriptions of the temples of the Greek gods. He describes the statues and portraits of the gods, “glorious in majesty,” as creations erected in devotion to the gods, and whom the people entrust their fate in. The Knight describes that is the decision of the pagan gods that ultimately determines the fate of the two knights. The Knight’s lack or religiousness is proven when he describes the death of Arcite, telling, “His spirit changed its house and went away where I came from � where I cannot say, and so am silent. I am no divine. Souls are not mentioned in this tale of mine.” This statement shows the Knight’s lack of faith in the afterlife, and in his doubtfulness in the power of God; which is ironic because it is for God and his religion he supposedly fights valiantly for. This description of the Knight is again consistent with his description found in The General Prologue, where the Knight is described to fight on any side, solely for the thrill of the battle, without any regard to the purpose or religious affiliation of the people. Also, the Knight later describes after the Duke’s description of “The First Great Cause and Mover of all above”, “I need not quote authority or raise more proof than what experience can show,” which shows the reader the lack of faith in God the Knight possesses. The Knight does not believe in that which he has not seen himself, and that which he cannot prove from experience, showing his lack of faith.
Through “The Knight’s Tale,” the reader is given much insight into those ideals which are truly valued by the Knight. As one looks deeper, beyond the surface of the Knight’s strict code of chivalry and honor, his true motives for fighting and upholding chivalry are revealed. The Knight’s religion devotion, which he uses to mask his true love of riches and war, is proven to be very lacking, and only used as a cover-up by the Knight to appear admirable in his actions. Through his tale, the Knight’s falsehoods are truly revealed to the reader, and eventually become quite obvious.
Mind that the sample papers like "The Knight's Tale" presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Impact of Organisational change
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like The Impact of Organisational change even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like The Impact of Organisational change in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
SUBJECT THE IMPACT OF CHANGE ON THE ORGANISATION
Overview
In response to recent environmental and organisational trends, workplace management within the organisation is undergoing significant change. As a result of this, it has become apparent that a new HR Policy around these issues must be implemented. The organisation needs to consider its strategy to maintain and attract competitive personnel. In light of this, the attached report will outline impacts associated with the new trends, and outline an ongoing HR policy in response to these trends.
SECTION 1.0 � Trend Analysis
The following environmental and organisational trends will be analysed for both positive and negative impacts on workplace management
• Flexible work forms
• Changing nature of jobs
• Diversity at work
• Leadership
• Ethics.
1.1 � Flexible Work Forms
The relationship between work hour flexibility and life balance has generally focused on the flexibility in start/finishing times (flextime) and flexibility in total hours (part-time/casual employment). The key issue with flexible scheduling appears to lie in the perception of control. When flexible schedules are primarily in the interests of the employer, there is no significant improvement in life balance. By contrast, when flexible scheduling options (such as flextime or alternate work schedules) are promoted, there is a perception of schedule control, there is an increase in perceived flexibility was strongly and positively related to life balance.
If the organisation is going to effectively address the life balance issues it is important for us to understand which factors are important and which factors are not. Organisational culture is the most important correlate of life balance and that significant attention should be directed to this area. The other important factor to emerge is work time demands. Total working hours, frequency of after hours calls, and number of abnormal working days represent variables that are significant to life balance. Work time demands are therefore another area that justifies significant attention.
As well as identifying work time demands as an important factor, our organisation needs to consider more than just total working hours when trying to address issues with life balance. Conflict tends to occur when work intrudes into time that is normally associated with other activities. The organisation therefore needs to consider not only the number of working hours, but also the predictability of working hours when implementing time related work policies. The flexibility of working hours is potentially another factor that the organisation should consider when implementing policies, as well as reviewing the length and predictability of work hours.
The fact that the work time demands of IT professionals were shown to be significantly different to non-IT professionals illustrates the importance of understanding not only which factors are important in life balance, but also how they relate to the nature of work that is done within the organisation. In diverse organisations there may be a variety of occupational roles, each with its own unique set of issues. As an example, employees in the accounts department and IT department may both have major issues with life balance, but they may have issues for very different reasons. The accountants may be struggling because of the long hours that they are required to work, whereas the IT professionals may be struggling to cope with the constant disruption to their evening or weekend activities. The challenge for organisations is therefore to recognize these occupational differences and implement tailored policies rather than trying to apply the one-size-fits-all solution.
The organisation should therefore consider occupational differences when implementing any flexible working policies.
The Changing Nature of Work
There are several external forces are frequently identified as contributors to the changing nature of work. These are the demography of the workforce, the globalization of markets, and the laws and regulations governing work and employment relations. The changing demography of the workforce includes the growing presence of women, especially young mothers, in the labour market; increasing racial and ethnic diversity, including a declining majority of white workers; an increasing number of dual-career families; increasing levels of educational attainment; and the aging of the workforce. These demographic trends are well documented; not only do they increase the heterogeneity of the working population, but they also create pressures for expanding existing lines of work and for creating new ones to address the needs of a labour force that were previously handled outside the paid economy, through the family and the community.
Globalizing product markets creates greater and more uncertain competitive pressures, larger labour markets, and the tendency toward specialization in an international division of labour. In order to regain competitiveness, American and European firms have embarked on a quest for increased flexibility. Key components of this flexibility include lean production and quality management, downsizing, the outsourcing of business services, the use of contract labour, and the growing acceptability of strategic alliances, even among competitors.
A full treatment of the effects of the laws and regulations governing work and employment lies well beyond the scope of this analysis. Although we recognize that legal structures and their enforcement play important roles in the workplace.
Diversity at Work
In order to maintain our competitive position, we must provide a work environment of inclusion that enables all employees to use their talents and abilities to their fullest potential, regardless of ethnicity, religion, gender or disability. We simply cannot afford to ignore or underestimate the importance and value of diversity to our business success. Our customers recognize that a work force enriched by diversity is one that contributes to the overall success of the company.
Leadership
Good leadership within the organisation is imperative to have the following impact on the company
• Recognise individual and team contributions
• Give positive feedback
• Celebrate accomplishments
• Reinforce teamwork
• Plan, set team goals
• Empower followers
• Encourage initiative
• Delegate authority
• Coach, monitor
• Provide constructive feedback
• Take initiative - take calculated risks, experiment
• Be encouraging of creativity and innovation
• Develop a vision Open to change
• Able to visualise the future, be guided by it and communicate it powerfully to others
• Display commitment through action
• Encourage followers
Ethics
The impact of an ethics policy shall be to serve as the means to enhance the status and promote the advancement of all employees; nurture employees technical and managerial knowledge and skills; improve employees professional careers through the sharing and dispersing of technical information; promote the organisation as a whole; further the understanding of the organisation and foster understanding and respect for individuals within it; develop and improve educational standards; and assist in the continuing development of ethical standards for employees in the organisation. This will lead to a happier and fairer workplace for all employees and ensure that good staff is retained and that those employees who do not meet the ethical standards are let go with little impact on other staff members.
HR Policy Ongoing
.1 Flexible Work Forms
Interesting and intrinsically rewarding work is the chief determinant of whether people stay in a job or leave. Alternative ways of working such as casual dress, flexi-time or working from home, while increasingly necessary, are poor substitutes for challenging responsibilities. Staff are most likely to stay if their work has a powerful impact on the business and involves state-of-the-art technology. Where routine is inevitable, mix it with more interesting tasks, and devise a skills development plan to provide light at the end of the tunnel. Provide a work process that gives employees authority and control over the work they do, how they do it, the reward they receive for doing it well, and the performance measures by which they are judged. Employers concerned about the new legislation should think seriously about how flexible working could be implemented in their firms. We recognise flexible working as a successful way of attracting and retaining the best staff, regardless of their marital or parental status.
The organisation needs to implement the following policies
• Hire for long-term fit, not short-term need
• Offer ‘cafeteria-style’ work options, not ‘one-size-fits-all’ jobs
• Provide interesting work as well as flexible work arrangements
• Invest in long-term staff career development, not episodic training
• Keep key employees by giving them a measure of freedom.
The Changing Nature of Work
The key benefit of workplace flexibility is that it allows the organisation to use human resources where and when they are needed. Practices such as job rotation, multi-tasking and teamwork benefit employers because the more workers know about the entire work process, the more easily they can be moved to make up for absenteeism or shifts in demand. As well the organisation can use workers’ wide knowledge of the production process in trouble-shooting. These practices also benefit workers, preventing them from being locked into one job and affording them a measure of mobility. To varying degrees, such practices also provide employees with increased responsibility and control in the workplace. Workers thus benefit through greater participation in decision-making in the operation of the firm and thereby a greater sense of making a difference at work, although at the possible cost of increased pressure embodied in heightened responsibility. The provision of such practices can in turn reinforce productivity gains for the employer and serve to attract skilled workers.
The following policies must become the “norm” for the organisation, in order to take full advantage of the spectrum of jobseekers in the current marketplace
• Job sharing
• Part time/full time/casual permanent employees
• Graduate positions
• Traineeships (including mature age).
Diversity at Work
Our organisation’s goal is to promote fair employment practices and to maintain a workplace that encourages employees to reach their highest potential. This goal provides value to the strategic objectives of the company, and the personal objectives of the workforce. Each of us has a role to play to meet this goal. With this in mind, each manager is responsible for achieving our affirmative action goals and for ensuring equal treatment of all employees and job applicants with regard to employment decisions.
In demonstrating its commitment to a discrimination free workplace and to the principles of Equal Employment Opportunity, the organisation has implemented the following practices-
• Merit based recruitment, tenure and promotion - if you have the skills, qualifications and experience required for a particular position, you will have an equal opportunity of being considered for that position. The person selected will be the one who best meets the requirements of the position.
• Training and development - you will be given equal opportunity of access to appropriate training and development based on identified business needs.
• Employment benefits - you will have equal access to the employment benefits relating to your position and employment type.
Equally, organisation expects all employees to behave at all times in a way, which is professional and respectful of their colleagues.
The employees of our organisation are the cornerstone of our continued success, and should be encouraged to fulfil their career goals working at our organisation. To that end, it is our policy to fill vacant positions from our internal resources. External placements should occur after determining that no interested, qualified employee is available.
In keeping with these principles, all employees and contractors are entitled to work in an environment which is free from discrimination, where discrimination means denying an individual fair and equal treatment in employment on grounds other than those based on the requirements of the job. It is our policy to manage our operations with a positive awareness of the spirit and intent of anti-discrimination, EEO and Affirmative Action legislation. In carrying out this policy, we will comply with all current relevant legislation, both State and Federal.
Leadership
The policy for leadership will encompass the following points
• Integrity and Respect - communicating directly and openly; acting ethically and responsibly; acting with honesty and fairness; treating the organisation’s and customer assets and resources with care; and treating all with respect.
• Passion for Excellence - taking responsibility for our services and their continuous improvement; working in teams to bring the best solution; working to eliminate bureaucracy; benchmarking, measuring and reporting on achievements; and developing the capability of our people.
• Accountability - taking ownership and ensuring commitments and deadlines are met; empowering others to achieve clear measurable goals; setting stretch goals; and acting with a sense of urgency.
• Customer Centricity - consistently communicating with and listening to our customers; understanding, anticipating and acting on the needs of our customers; delivering what our customers measure as value; using customer information to improve delivery of products and services; and searching for better ways to service our customers.
• Innovation - having the courage to challenge the status quo; taking calculated risks; acting with speed; being a step ahead in solutions for our customers; seeking simplicity in our solutions and not unnecessary complexity; synthesising global experiences and bringing them to our customers; proactively finding better ways; and leveraging better methods to enhance the result.
Ethics
The corporate purpose of the organisation is to be pre-eminent in the solution of client problems in the field of information systems technology. This demands that we make an absolute commitment to excellence in our contract performance and products. We will achieve our purpose by observing these principles
• We commit to client satisfaction as our most important business objective
• We recognise that organisation’s accomplishments are the work of the people who comprise organisation. We will encourage initiative, recognise individual contribution, treat each person with respect and fairness, and afford ample opportunity for individual growth in organisation
• We in turn will require the highest standards of professionalism and technical competence from our employees
• We will maintain the highest standards of ethics and business conduct and operate at all times within the laws of all countries in which we do business
• We will identify and respond aggressively to new opportunities and commit to success in each undertaking
• Finally, our success as a company requires that we achieve profits and growth commensurate with a leadership position in our industry.
To meet these high standards, the following policies will be implemented
• Employment by other companies. It will be permissible for an employee to hold a second job, as long as it has nothing to do with the companys operations.
• Gifts and gratuities. Accepting gifts, entertainment, or money from outside organisations or agencies that have dealings with the company is usually prohibited. Similarly, offering gifts to others who buy from the company is inappropriate.
• Amount of the gift. Even though the source or recipient of the gift is acceptable, the amount may be too high.
• Type of gifts. Even if the value of the gift or entertainment is acceptable, the type of gift or entertainment may not be. The organisation will actively prohibit use of company funds for gentlemen only or ladies only clubs.
• Romances. Romantic relationships between a buyer for the company and an employee of its supplier will be deemed inappropriate.
• Bribery and kickbacks. The payments are wholly prohibited and offenders will be turned over to the police.
• Discounts. Our policy prohibits employees and their families taking advantage of any “poor service” discounts.
• Business interests. It is forbidden for employees to have personal financial dealings with firms that supply materials to the company or purchase materials from it. Additionally, the organisation prohibits employees from obtaining any personal gain from the use of company facilities, employees, information, or opportunities.
• Investments. Similarly, it is forbidden for employees to invest in firms that supply materials to or purchase them from the company.
• Misuse of confidential information. This would include divulging confidential information to outside organisations, agencies, or individuals; using such information for personal gain; or allowing other employees within the company to use it for personal gain.
• Privacy. Employees will not invade the privacy of others, use passwords of others to gain access to protected information, and read messages intended for others.
• Harassment. The organisation requires all employees to show respect for others. The accessing pornography on the Internet using company facilities, mailing pornographic materials through the company mailroom, or use of the company mailing address to receive responses to personal advertisements.
• Illegal practices. Employees are expressly forbidden from engaging in any activity that is in violation of any law regulating the conduct of the companys business. This includes antitrust rules, misuse of trademarks, stealing trade secrets.
• Other conflicts of interest. No employee may engage in any activity or establishing any relationship(s) that might be construed as a conflict of interest, or that might be a negative reflection on the employees loyalty to the company.
• Disciplinary action. While the severity of the offence will probably dictate the appropriate disciplinary action, violations of our policy will be considered cause for immediate discipline or even dismissal.
ACIRRT (1). Australia at Work Just Managing? Prentice Hall, Sydney.
Allen, T.D. (001). Family-supportive work environments The role of organisational perceptions. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 58, 414-45.
Beers, T. (000). Flexible work schedules and shift work Replacing the -to-5 workday, Monthly Labor Review, 1, -40.
Bloom, A.J. & Dean, M. (17). Perceptions of on call stress An exploratory study. Psychology A Journal of Human Behaviour, 4, 4-48.
Christensen, K.E. & Staines, G.L. (10). Flextime A viable solution to work/family conflict? Journal of Family Issues, 11, 455-477.
Clark, S.C. (000). Work/family border theory A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 5, 747-765.
Eagle, B.W., Icenogle, M.L., Maes, J.D., & Miles, E.W. (18). The importance of employee demographic profiles for understanding experiences of work-family interrole conflicts. Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 60-70.
Eagle, B.W., Miles, E.W. & Icenogle, M.L. (17). Interrole conflicts and the permeability of work and family domains Are there gender differences? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 168-184.
Fandray, D. (000). Eight days a week. Workforce, 7, 5-4.
Frone, M.R., Russell, M. & Cooper, M.L. (1). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65-78.
Frone, M.R., Yardley, J.K. & Markel, K.S. (17). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work-family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 145-167.
Golden, L. (001). Flexible work time Correlates and consequences of work scheduling. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 1157-1178.
Greenhaus, J.H. & Beutell, N.J. (185). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-86.
Gutek, B.A., Searle, S. & Klepa, L. (11). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560-568.
Hill, E.J., Hawkins, A.J., Ferris, M. & Weitzman, M. (001). Finding an extra day a week The positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Family Relations, 50, 4-58.
Hill, E.J., Miller, B.C., Weiner, S.P. & Colihan, J. (18). Influences of the virtual office on aspects of work and work/life balance. Personnel Psychology, 51, 667-68.
Hoffmann, E. & Greenwood, A.M. (001). Statistics on working time arrangements An overview of issues and some experiences. Statistical Journal of the UN Economic Commission for Europe, 18, 51-6.
Johnson, P.J. (18). Development of a measure of job time-demands. Psychological Reports, 51, 1087-104.
Kopelman, R.E., Greenhaus, J.H. & Connolly, T.F. (18). A model of work, family, and interrole conflict A construct validation study. Organisational Behavior and Human Performance, , 18-15.
Kramar, R. (18). Flexibility in Australia Implications for employees and managers. Employee Relations, 0, 45-460.
Lawler, E.E. & Finegold, D. (000). Individualizing the organisation Past, present, and future. Organisational Dynamics, , 1-15.
Lobel, S.A. (11). Allocation of investment in work and family roles Alternative theories and implications for research. Academy of Management Review, 16, 507-51.
Martin, L. (00). Life balance in organisational factors. Masters research thesis. Deakin University, Geelong.
Perlow, L.A. (15). Putting the work back into work/family. Group and Organisation Management, 0, 7-.
Perlow, L.A. (18). Boundary control the social ordering of work and family time in a high-tech corporation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 4, 8-57.
Shinn, M., Wong, N.W., Simko, P.A. & Ortiz-Torres, B. (18). Promoting the well-being of working parents Coping, social support, and flexible job schedules. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 1-55.
Starrels, M.E. (1). The evolution of workplace family policy research. Journal of Family Issues, 1, 5-78.
Tausig, M. & Fenwick, R. (001). Unbinding time Alternate work schedules and life balance. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, , 101-11.
Thomas, L.T. & Ganster, D.C. (15). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6-15.
Thompson, C.A., Beauvais, L.L., & Lyness, K.S. (1). When work-family benefits are not enough The influence of work-family culture on benefit utilization, organisational attachment, and work family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, -415.
Thompson, J.A. & Bunderson, J.S. (001). Work-nonwork conflict and the phenomenology of time. Work and Occupations, 8, 17-40.
Wallace, J.E. (17). Its about time A study of hours worked and work spillover among law firm lawyers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 7-48.
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SUBJECT THE IMPACT OF CHANGE ON THE ORGANISATION
Overview
In response to recent environmental and organisational trends, workplace management within the organisation is undergoing significant change. As a result of this, it has become apparent that a new HR Policy around these issues must be implemented. The organisation needs to consider its strategy to maintain and attract competitive personnel. In light of this, the attached report will outline impacts associated with the new trends, and outline an ongoing HR policy in response to these trends.
SECTION 1.0 � Trend Analysis
The following environmental and organisational trends will be analysed for both positive and negative impacts on workplace management
• Flexible work forms
• Changing nature of jobs
• Diversity at work
• Leadership
• Ethics.
1.1 � Flexible Work Forms
The relationship between work hour flexibility and life balance has generally focused on the flexibility in start/finishing times (flextime) and flexibility in total hours (part-time/casual employment). The key issue with flexible scheduling appears to lie in the perception of control. When flexible schedules are primarily in the interests of the employer, there is no significant improvement in life balance. By contrast, when flexible scheduling options (such as flextime or alternate work schedules) are promoted, there is a perception of schedule control, there is an increase in perceived flexibility was strongly and positively related to life balance.
If the organisation is going to effectively address the life balance issues it is important for us to understand which factors are important and which factors are not. Organisational culture is the most important correlate of life balance and that significant attention should be directed to this area. The other important factor to emerge is work time demands. Total working hours, frequency of after hours calls, and number of abnormal working days represent variables that are significant to life balance. Work time demands are therefore another area that justifies significant attention.
As well as identifying work time demands as an important factor, our organisation needs to consider more than just total working hours when trying to address issues with life balance. Conflict tends to occur when work intrudes into time that is normally associated with other activities. The organisation therefore needs to consider not only the number of working hours, but also the predictability of working hours when implementing time related work policies. The flexibility of working hours is potentially another factor that the organisation should consider when implementing policies, as well as reviewing the length and predictability of work hours.
The fact that the work time demands of IT professionals were shown to be significantly different to non-IT professionals illustrates the importance of understanding not only which factors are important in life balance, but also how they relate to the nature of work that is done within the organisation. In diverse organisations there may be a variety of occupational roles, each with its own unique set of issues. As an example, employees in the accounts department and IT department may both have major issues with life balance, but they may have issues for very different reasons. The accountants may be struggling because of the long hours that they are required to work, whereas the IT professionals may be struggling to cope with the constant disruption to their evening or weekend activities. The challenge for organisations is therefore to recognize these occupational differences and implement tailored policies rather than trying to apply the one-size-fits-all solution.
The organisation should therefore consider occupational differences when implementing any flexible working policies.
The Changing Nature of Work
There are several external forces are frequently identified as contributors to the changing nature of work. These are the demography of the workforce, the globalization of markets, and the laws and regulations governing work and employment relations. The changing demography of the workforce includes the growing presence of women, especially young mothers, in the labour market; increasing racial and ethnic diversity, including a declining majority of white workers; an increasing number of dual-career families; increasing levels of educational attainment; and the aging of the workforce. These demographic trends are well documented; not only do they increase the heterogeneity of the working population, but they also create pressures for expanding existing lines of work and for creating new ones to address the needs of a labour force that were previously handled outside the paid economy, through the family and the community.
Globalizing product markets creates greater and more uncertain competitive pressures, larger labour markets, and the tendency toward specialization in an international division of labour. In order to regain competitiveness, American and European firms have embarked on a quest for increased flexibility. Key components of this flexibility include lean production and quality management, downsizing, the outsourcing of business services, the use of contract labour, and the growing acceptability of strategic alliances, even among competitors.
A full treatment of the effects of the laws and regulations governing work and employment lies well beyond the scope of this analysis. Although we recognize that legal structures and their enforcement play important roles in the workplace.
Diversity at Work
In order to maintain our competitive position, we must provide a work environment of inclusion that enables all employees to use their talents and abilities to their fullest potential, regardless of ethnicity, religion, gender or disability. We simply cannot afford to ignore or underestimate the importance and value of diversity to our business success. Our customers recognize that a work force enriched by diversity is one that contributes to the overall success of the company.
Leadership
Good leadership within the organisation is imperative to have the following impact on the company
• Recognise individual and team contributions
• Give positive feedback
• Celebrate accomplishments
• Reinforce teamwork
• Plan, set team goals
• Empower followers
• Encourage initiative
• Delegate authority
• Coach, monitor
• Provide constructive feedback
• Take initiative - take calculated risks, experiment
• Be encouraging of creativity and innovation
• Develop a vision Open to change
• Able to visualise the future, be guided by it and communicate it powerfully to others
• Display commitment through action
• Encourage followers
Ethics
The impact of an ethics policy shall be to serve as the means to enhance the status and promote the advancement of all employees; nurture employees technical and managerial knowledge and skills; improve employees professional careers through the sharing and dispersing of technical information; promote the organisation as a whole; further the understanding of the organisation and foster understanding and respect for individuals within it; develop and improve educational standards; and assist in the continuing development of ethical standards for employees in the organisation. This will lead to a happier and fairer workplace for all employees and ensure that good staff is retained and that those employees who do not meet the ethical standards are let go with little impact on other staff members.
HR Policy Ongoing
.1 Flexible Work Forms
Interesting and intrinsically rewarding work is the chief determinant of whether people stay in a job or leave. Alternative ways of working such as casual dress, flexi-time or working from home, while increasingly necessary, are poor substitutes for challenging responsibilities. Staff are most likely to stay if their work has a powerful impact on the business and involves state-of-the-art technology. Where routine is inevitable, mix it with more interesting tasks, and devise a skills development plan to provide light at the end of the tunnel. Provide a work process that gives employees authority and control over the work they do, how they do it, the reward they receive for doing it well, and the performance measures by which they are judged. Employers concerned about the new legislation should think seriously about how flexible working could be implemented in their firms. We recognise flexible working as a successful way of attracting and retaining the best staff, regardless of their marital or parental status.
The organisation needs to implement the following policies
• Hire for long-term fit, not short-term need
• Offer ‘cafeteria-style’ work options, not ‘one-size-fits-all’ jobs
• Provide interesting work as well as flexible work arrangements
• Invest in long-term staff career development, not episodic training
• Keep key employees by giving them a measure of freedom.
The Changing Nature of Work
The key benefit of workplace flexibility is that it allows the organisation to use human resources where and when they are needed. Practices such as job rotation, multi-tasking and teamwork benefit employers because the more workers know about the entire work process, the more easily they can be moved to make up for absenteeism or shifts in demand. As well the organisation can use workers’ wide knowledge of the production process in trouble-shooting. These practices also benefit workers, preventing them from being locked into one job and affording them a measure of mobility. To varying degrees, such practices also provide employees with increased responsibility and control in the workplace. Workers thus benefit through greater participation in decision-making in the operation of the firm and thereby a greater sense of making a difference at work, although at the possible cost of increased pressure embodied in heightened responsibility. The provision of such practices can in turn reinforce productivity gains for the employer and serve to attract skilled workers.
The following policies must become the “norm” for the organisation, in order to take full advantage of the spectrum of jobseekers in the current marketplace
• Job sharing
• Part time/full time/casual permanent employees
• Graduate positions
• Traineeships (including mature age).
Diversity at Work
Our organisation’s goal is to promote fair employment practices and to maintain a workplace that encourages employees to reach their highest potential. This goal provides value to the strategic objectives of the company, and the personal objectives of the workforce. Each of us has a role to play to meet this goal. With this in mind, each manager is responsible for achieving our affirmative action goals and for ensuring equal treatment of all employees and job applicants with regard to employment decisions.
In demonstrating its commitment to a discrimination free workplace and to the principles of Equal Employment Opportunity, the organisation has implemented the following practices-
• Merit based recruitment, tenure and promotion - if you have the skills, qualifications and experience required for a particular position, you will have an equal opportunity of being considered for that position. The person selected will be the one who best meets the requirements of the position.
• Training and development - you will be given equal opportunity of access to appropriate training and development based on identified business needs.
• Employment benefits - you will have equal access to the employment benefits relating to your position and employment type.
Equally, organisation expects all employees to behave at all times in a way, which is professional and respectful of their colleagues.
The employees of our organisation are the cornerstone of our continued success, and should be encouraged to fulfil their career goals working at our organisation. To that end, it is our policy to fill vacant positions from our internal resources. External placements should occur after determining that no interested, qualified employee is available.
In keeping with these principles, all employees and contractors are entitled to work in an environment which is free from discrimination, where discrimination means denying an individual fair and equal treatment in employment on grounds other than those based on the requirements of the job. It is our policy to manage our operations with a positive awareness of the spirit and intent of anti-discrimination, EEO and Affirmative Action legislation. In carrying out this policy, we will comply with all current relevant legislation, both State and Federal.
Leadership
The policy for leadership will encompass the following points
• Integrity and Respect - communicating directly and openly; acting ethically and responsibly; acting with honesty and fairness; treating the organisation’s and customer assets and resources with care; and treating all with respect.
• Passion for Excellence - taking responsibility for our services and their continuous improvement; working in teams to bring the best solution; working to eliminate bureaucracy; benchmarking, measuring and reporting on achievements; and developing the capability of our people.
• Accountability - taking ownership and ensuring commitments and deadlines are met; empowering others to achieve clear measurable goals; setting stretch goals; and acting with a sense of urgency.
• Customer Centricity - consistently communicating with and listening to our customers; understanding, anticipating and acting on the needs of our customers; delivering what our customers measure as value; using customer information to improve delivery of products and services; and searching for better ways to service our customers.
• Innovation - having the courage to challenge the status quo; taking calculated risks; acting with speed; being a step ahead in solutions for our customers; seeking simplicity in our solutions and not unnecessary complexity; synthesising global experiences and bringing them to our customers; proactively finding better ways; and leveraging better methods to enhance the result.
Ethics
The corporate purpose of the organisation is to be pre-eminent in the solution of client problems in the field of information systems technology. This demands that we make an absolute commitment to excellence in our contract performance and products. We will achieve our purpose by observing these principles
• We commit to client satisfaction as our most important business objective
• We recognise that organisation’s accomplishments are the work of the people who comprise organisation. We will encourage initiative, recognise individual contribution, treat each person with respect and fairness, and afford ample opportunity for individual growth in organisation
• We in turn will require the highest standards of professionalism and technical competence from our employees
• We will maintain the highest standards of ethics and business conduct and operate at all times within the laws of all countries in which we do business
• We will identify and respond aggressively to new opportunities and commit to success in each undertaking
• Finally, our success as a company requires that we achieve profits and growth commensurate with a leadership position in our industry.
To meet these high standards, the following policies will be implemented
• Employment by other companies. It will be permissible for an employee to hold a second job, as long as it has nothing to do with the companys operations.
• Gifts and gratuities. Accepting gifts, entertainment, or money from outside organisations or agencies that have dealings with the company is usually prohibited. Similarly, offering gifts to others who buy from the company is inappropriate.
• Amount of the gift. Even though the source or recipient of the gift is acceptable, the amount may be too high.
• Type of gifts. Even if the value of the gift or entertainment is acceptable, the type of gift or entertainment may not be. The organisation will actively prohibit use of company funds for gentlemen only or ladies only clubs.
• Romances. Romantic relationships between a buyer for the company and an employee of its supplier will be deemed inappropriate.
• Bribery and kickbacks. The payments are wholly prohibited and offenders will be turned over to the police.
• Discounts. Our policy prohibits employees and their families taking advantage of any “poor service” discounts.
• Business interests. It is forbidden for employees to have personal financial dealings with firms that supply materials to the company or purchase materials from it. Additionally, the organisation prohibits employees from obtaining any personal gain from the use of company facilities, employees, information, or opportunities.
• Investments. Similarly, it is forbidden for employees to invest in firms that supply materials to or purchase them from the company.
• Misuse of confidential information. This would include divulging confidential information to outside organisations, agencies, or individuals; using such information for personal gain; or allowing other employees within the company to use it for personal gain.
• Privacy. Employees will not invade the privacy of others, use passwords of others to gain access to protected information, and read messages intended for others.
• Harassment. The organisation requires all employees to show respect for others. The accessing pornography on the Internet using company facilities, mailing pornographic materials through the company mailroom, or use of the company mailing address to receive responses to personal advertisements.
• Illegal practices. Employees are expressly forbidden from engaging in any activity that is in violation of any law regulating the conduct of the companys business. This includes antitrust rules, misuse of trademarks, stealing trade secrets.
• Other conflicts of interest. No employee may engage in any activity or establishing any relationship(s) that might be construed as a conflict of interest, or that might be a negative reflection on the employees loyalty to the company.
• Disciplinary action. While the severity of the offence will probably dictate the appropriate disciplinary action, violations of our policy will be considered cause for immediate discipline or even dismissal.
ACIRRT (1). Australia at Work Just Managing? Prentice Hall, Sydney.
Allen, T.D. (001). Family-supportive work environments The role of organisational perceptions. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 58, 414-45.
Beers, T. (000). Flexible work schedules and shift work Replacing the -to-5 workday, Monthly Labor Review, 1, -40.
Bloom, A.J. & Dean, M. (17). Perceptions of on call stress An exploratory study. Psychology A Journal of Human Behaviour, 4, 4-48.
Christensen, K.E. & Staines, G.L. (10). Flextime A viable solution to work/family conflict? Journal of Family Issues, 11, 455-477.
Clark, S.C. (000). Work/family border theory A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 5, 747-765.
Eagle, B.W., Icenogle, M.L., Maes, J.D., & Miles, E.W. (18). The importance of employee demographic profiles for understanding experiences of work-family interrole conflicts. Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 60-70.
Eagle, B.W., Miles, E.W. & Icenogle, M.L. (17). Interrole conflicts and the permeability of work and family domains Are there gender differences? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 168-184.
Fandray, D. (000). Eight days a week. Workforce, 7, 5-4.
Frone, M.R., Russell, M. & Cooper, M.L. (1). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65-78.
Frone, M.R., Yardley, J.K. & Markel, K.S. (17). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work-family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 145-167.
Golden, L. (001). Flexible work time Correlates and consequences of work scheduling. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 1157-1178.
Greenhaus, J.H. & Beutell, N.J. (185). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-86.
Gutek, B.A., Searle, S. & Klepa, L. (11). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560-568.
Hill, E.J., Hawkins, A.J., Ferris, M. & Weitzman, M. (001). Finding an extra day a week The positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Family Relations, 50, 4-58.
Hill, E.J., Miller, B.C., Weiner, S.P. & Colihan, J. (18). Influences of the virtual office on aspects of work and work/life balance. Personnel Psychology, 51, 667-68.
Hoffmann, E. & Greenwood, A.M. (001). Statistics on working time arrangements An overview of issues and some experiences. Statistical Journal of the UN Economic Commission for Europe, 18, 51-6.
Johnson, P.J. (18). Development of a measure of job time-demands. Psychological Reports, 51, 1087-104.
Kopelman, R.E., Greenhaus, J.H. & Connolly, T.F. (18). A model of work, family, and interrole conflict A construct validation study. Organisational Behavior and Human Performance, , 18-15.
Kramar, R. (18). Flexibility in Australia Implications for employees and managers. Employee Relations, 0, 45-460.
Lawler, E.E. & Finegold, D. (000). Individualizing the organisation Past, present, and future. Organisational Dynamics, , 1-15.
Lobel, S.A. (11). Allocation of investment in work and family roles Alternative theories and implications for research. Academy of Management Review, 16, 507-51.
Martin, L. (00). Life balance in organisational factors. Masters research thesis. Deakin University, Geelong.
Perlow, L.A. (15). Putting the work back into work/family. Group and Organisation Management, 0, 7-.
Perlow, L.A. (18). Boundary control the social ordering of work and family time in a high-tech corporation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 4, 8-57.
Shinn, M., Wong, N.W., Simko, P.A. & Ortiz-Torres, B. (18). Promoting the well-being of working parents Coping, social support, and flexible job schedules. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 1-55.
Starrels, M.E. (1). The evolution of workplace family policy research. Journal of Family Issues, 1, 5-78.
Tausig, M. & Fenwick, R. (001). Unbinding time Alternate work schedules and life balance. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, , 101-11.
Thomas, L.T. & Ganster, D.C. (15). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6-15.
Thompson, C.A., Beauvais, L.L., & Lyness, K.S. (1). When work-family benefits are not enough The influence of work-family culture on benefit utilization, organisational attachment, and work family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, -415.
Thompson, J.A. & Bunderson, J.S. (001). Work-nonwork conflict and the phenomenology of time. Work and Occupations, 8, 17-40.
Wallace, J.E. (17). Its about time A study of hours worked and work spillover among law firm lawyers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 7-48.
Mind that the sample papers like The Impact of Organisational change presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
leadership
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like leadership even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like leadership in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Mr. Clean Janitorial Service utilizes the leadership function of management in order to achieve company goals. The company uses the participative style of leadership throughout its management structure to create a productive work environment. The participative leadership style works best for Mr. Clean because it supports the company mission. The autocratic leadership style would not allow the interaction that is encouraged by the participative leadership style. The leadership style used in the company motivates, maintains, and ensures that company goals are with all employees. The application of leadership has allowed the company to flourish in its market. Ultimately, the leadership function is evident throughout the structure of the company and can be witnessed from the employee level to the owner level.
Mr. Clean uses the participative leadership style to foster an environment of inclusiveness in the management of the company. The participative leadership style allows managers to participate in the daily functions of employees. Simultaneously, the participative leadership style allows employees to take part in the management functions of the company. Associates interact with supervisors on a daily basis. All supervisors are aware of what duties and functions their team is responsible for and participate by ensuring that all associates have the necessary supplies to complete their jobs. The managers are aware of what buildings and jobs supervisors maintain. They participate with supervisors by ensuring that the supervisors and associates are paid as well as managing the financial accounts of the company. The owners participate with the managers by reviewing the performance of the company and providing direction toward setting goals for the company.
The participative leadership style is the best style for the company. The style fosters interaction between the different levels of the company allows good communication. Ideas and/or obstacles identified by associates will easily be transferred through the supervisor, manager, and owner levels. The result is an insight into making better decisions for the company. This advantage of communication allows associates to feel comfortable in the fact that any issues that they identify will be communicated to the proper channels to be addressed. This helps to reduce employee stress and encourage a good relationship between the levels.
In an autocratic leadership environment, the leader issues orders to workers informing them of how a task is to be done. Communication tends to be a one-way process from the leader to the workers. Workers are not involved in the decision making. This style is productive if managers are around, but could lapse once the manager is away. This style also does not provide a communications layout between the employees and the managers. In the Mr. Clean Janitorial Services model, the autocratic leadership style would not encourage performance or communications.
Motivation - Being a leader and motivating employees you must beware of employee’s individual differences and skills that they pose that will help to account for why people do what they do, and theories that can help leaders motivate employees.
Recruiting
Training
Equipping a diverse group of dedicated employees
Motivated professionals
In management being a leader you must be able to communicate effectively with the teams, convey customers concerns and monitor each project’s progress. Management must track the progress and quality of work.
Goals � “Expect Excellence”
Reliability of attendance
Quality
Service longevity
Affordably
For over 50 years janitorial services has been the trusted leader in janitorial services industry. They have earned the leadership by consistently exceeding customer’s expectations. They expect superior performance. Our janitorial service is so exceptional, that we guarantee it! The janitorial service leads the janitorial services in customer satisfaction. This reputation is due largely to our deep commitment to quality. Today, businesses all over depend on janitorial services for their building maintenance services.
Our leadership at Mr.Clean Janitorial Services offers theories and techniques that improve our organization.
Communication � Is our cornerstone of service excellence
Longevity of services
Working closely with the customers for quality
Reliable services rendered to them
Leader supervising their teams Owner/Shareholder, Manager Level, Supervisor(s)
Steps we used to show organization and leadership in our Mr.Clean Janitorial Services that will help to improve our company.
Overall our company Mr. Clean Janitorial Services has the leadership it
takes to get the job done. Our business involves creating vision for
others to follow, establishing corporate values and ethics, and
transforming the way the organization do business so that it is more
effective and efficient.
Mind that the sample papers like leadership presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Mr. Clean Janitorial Service utilizes the leadership function of management in order to achieve company goals. The company uses the participative style of leadership throughout its management structure to create a productive work environment. The participative leadership style works best for Mr. Clean because it supports the company mission. The autocratic leadership style would not allow the interaction that is encouraged by the participative leadership style. The leadership style used in the company motivates, maintains, and ensures that company goals are with all employees. The application of leadership has allowed the company to flourish in its market. Ultimately, the leadership function is evident throughout the structure of the company and can be witnessed from the employee level to the owner level.
Mr. Clean uses the participative leadership style to foster an environment of inclusiveness in the management of the company. The participative leadership style allows managers to participate in the daily functions of employees. Simultaneously, the participative leadership style allows employees to take part in the management functions of the company. Associates interact with supervisors on a daily basis. All supervisors are aware of what duties and functions their team is responsible for and participate by ensuring that all associates have the necessary supplies to complete their jobs. The managers are aware of what buildings and jobs supervisors maintain. They participate with supervisors by ensuring that the supervisors and associates are paid as well as managing the financial accounts of the company. The owners participate with the managers by reviewing the performance of the company and providing direction toward setting goals for the company.
The participative leadership style is the best style for the company. The style fosters interaction between the different levels of the company allows good communication. Ideas and/or obstacles identified by associates will easily be transferred through the supervisor, manager, and owner levels. The result is an insight into making better decisions for the company. This advantage of communication allows associates to feel comfortable in the fact that any issues that they identify will be communicated to the proper channels to be addressed. This helps to reduce employee stress and encourage a good relationship between the levels.
In an autocratic leadership environment, the leader issues orders to workers informing them of how a task is to be done. Communication tends to be a one-way process from the leader to the workers. Workers are not involved in the decision making. This style is productive if managers are around, but could lapse once the manager is away. This style also does not provide a communications layout between the employees and the managers. In the Mr. Clean Janitorial Services model, the autocratic leadership style would not encourage performance or communications.
Motivation - Being a leader and motivating employees you must beware of employee’s individual differences and skills that they pose that will help to account for why people do what they do, and theories that can help leaders motivate employees.
Recruiting
Training
Equipping a diverse group of dedicated employees
Motivated professionals
In management being a leader you must be able to communicate effectively with the teams, convey customers concerns and monitor each project’s progress. Management must track the progress and quality of work.
Goals � “Expect Excellence”
Reliability of attendance
Quality
Service longevity
Affordably
For over 50 years janitorial services has been the trusted leader in janitorial services industry. They have earned the leadership by consistently exceeding customer’s expectations. They expect superior performance. Our janitorial service is so exceptional, that we guarantee it! The janitorial service leads the janitorial services in customer satisfaction. This reputation is due largely to our deep commitment to quality. Today, businesses all over depend on janitorial services for their building maintenance services.
Our leadership at Mr.Clean Janitorial Services offers theories and techniques that improve our organization.
Communication � Is our cornerstone of service excellence
Longevity of services
Working closely with the customers for quality
Reliable services rendered to them
Leader supervising their teams Owner/Shareholder, Manager Level, Supervisor(s)
Steps we used to show organization and leadership in our Mr.Clean Janitorial Services that will help to improve our company.
Overall our company Mr. Clean Janitorial Services has the leadership it
takes to get the job done. Our business involves creating vision for
others to follow, establishing corporate values and ethics, and
transforming the way the organization do business so that it is more
effective and efficient.
Mind that the sample papers like leadership presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Reflection on "The Quiet World" and "Absence"
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Reflection on "The Quiet World" and "Absence" even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Reflection on "The Quiet World" and "Absence" in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
“The Quiet World” by Jeffrey McDaniel
In an effort to get people to look
into each others eyes more,
and also to appease the mutes,
the government has decided
to allot each person exactly one hundred
and sixty-seven words, per day.
When the phone rings, I put it to my ear
without saying hello. In the restaurant
I point at chicken noodle soup.
I am adjusting well to the new way.
Late at night, I call my long distance lover,
proudly say I only used fifty-nine today.
I saved the rest for you.
When she doesn’t respond,
I know shes used up all her words,
so I slowly whisper I love you
thirty-two and a third times.
After that, we just sit on the line
and listen to each other breath.
“The Quiet World” by Jeffrey McDaniel is my favorite poem. It’s very beautiful and powerful. That’s why I chose it. It gives me a nice feeling when I read it, like love and romance still exist today.
The poem is about love and it shows the effect that love has on a person’s life. It has a large enough influence that a person would not speak all day just to save up words to talk to the person that he loves. It’s proof that love can still be a beautiful and special thing. The poem is about the large role that love plays in the lives of people.
“Absence” by Jeffrey McDaniel
On the scales of desire,
Your absence weighs more than someone else’s presence,
So I say no thanks to the woman who throws her girdle at my feet,
As I drop a postcard in the mailbox
And watch it throb like a blue heart in the dark.
Your eyes are so green � one of your parents must be part traffic light.
We’re both self-centered,
But the world revolves around us at the same speed.
Last night I tossed and turned inside a thundercloud.
This morning my sheets were covered in pollen.
I remember the long division of Saturday’s pomegranate,
A thousand nebulae in your hair,
As soldiers marched by,
Dragging big army bags filled with water balloons,
And we passed a lit match,
Back and forth,
Between our lips,
Under an oak tree I had absolutely nothing to do with.
I chose “Absence” by Jeffrey McDaniel because I think it’s an amazing poem. Jeffrey McDaniel is one of my favorite poets and I think his poems are so powerful.
I think the poem is about the one woman he loves. No other can compare to her and when she’s not around, he misses her terribly. She means so much to him and he remembers everything about her. He remembers everything they do so it can hold him over until the next time he sees her.
Mind that the sample papers like Reflection on "The Quiet World" and "Absence" presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
“The Quiet World” by Jeffrey McDaniel
In an effort to get people to look
into each others eyes more,
and also to appease the mutes,
the government has decided
to allot each person exactly one hundred
and sixty-seven words, per day.
When the phone rings, I put it to my ear
without saying hello. In the restaurant
I point at chicken noodle soup.
I am adjusting well to the new way.
Late at night, I call my long distance lover,
proudly say I only used fifty-nine today.
I saved the rest for you.
When she doesn’t respond,
I know shes used up all her words,
so I slowly whisper I love you
thirty-two and a third times.
After that, we just sit on the line
and listen to each other breath.
“The Quiet World” by Jeffrey McDaniel is my favorite poem. It’s very beautiful and powerful. That’s why I chose it. It gives me a nice feeling when I read it, like love and romance still exist today.
The poem is about love and it shows the effect that love has on a person’s life. It has a large enough influence that a person would not speak all day just to save up words to talk to the person that he loves. It’s proof that love can still be a beautiful and special thing. The poem is about the large role that love plays in the lives of people.
“Absence” by Jeffrey McDaniel
On the scales of desire,
Your absence weighs more than someone else’s presence,
So I say no thanks to the woman who throws her girdle at my feet,
As I drop a postcard in the mailbox
And watch it throb like a blue heart in the dark.
Your eyes are so green � one of your parents must be part traffic light.
We’re both self-centered,
But the world revolves around us at the same speed.
Last night I tossed and turned inside a thundercloud.
This morning my sheets were covered in pollen.
I remember the long division of Saturday’s pomegranate,
A thousand nebulae in your hair,
As soldiers marched by,
Dragging big army bags filled with water balloons,
And we passed a lit match,
Back and forth,
Between our lips,
Under an oak tree I had absolutely nothing to do with.
I chose “Absence” by Jeffrey McDaniel because I think it’s an amazing poem. Jeffrey McDaniel is one of my favorite poets and I think his poems are so powerful.
I think the poem is about the one woman he loves. No other can compare to her and when she’s not around, he misses her terribly. She means so much to him and he remembers everything about her. He remembers everything they do so it can hold him over until the next time he sees her.
Mind that the sample papers like Reflection on "The Quiet World" and "Absence" presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, May 17, 2012
Mending wall
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Mending wall even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Mending wall in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
One way you can read Mending Wall by Robert Frost is that it is about a man who rebuilds the wall seperating his property from his neighbour’s. This man, this persona created by Gray doesn’t seem to believe there is a use for the wall as “he [the neighbour] is all pine and I [the persona] am apple orchard” but his neighbour believes that “good fences make good neighbours”. The persona tries to change his neighbour’s opinion by trying to “put a notion in his head” but his neighbour seems to just ignore him. So the persona gets annoyed and thinks of him as an “old-stone savage”. This is a very simple situation which we can all relate to. But, if we read deeper into the poem we may find the meanings that Robert Frost wanted us to see. Firstly, as we know that this persona is against the building of walls where not necessary we find that it is this persona that initiates the re-building of the wall “I let my neighbour know beyond the hill”. This gives the reader something to think about � it puts questions in the reader’s mind as to why he would initiate this if he doesn’t think it’s necessary. One reason may be that this persona enjoys the company of his neighbour � but he gets frustrated with him. Maybe this persona is a lonely person and any company is good company � they “meet to walk the line”. Maybe through mending the wall between them they are mending their friendship. These are all viable options and as we read further into the poem we may understand to a greater extent why he does this. When the two start building the wall the reader may notice that words such as “we” and “our” are used giving the feeling of cooperation and companionship. The persona once calls this task an “outdoor game” which connotes feelings of enjoyment, cooperation, competition. The fact that they walk “the line” “one on a side” gives a visual image in the readers mind and may remind them of a tennis game. I must emphasize that what is being told in the poem is from the persona’s point of view � not directly Frost’s � so the reader must beware and realise that it is possible that the persona is wrong in some of his comments. “There where it is we do not need the wall” � this comment being straight to the point makes the reader feel as if the persona is denying the fact that it is the wall that brings the two men together to cooperate with one another and to converse with one another (to a certain extent). The line directly after this comment segregates the two from one another by contrasting the type of people they are with each other. “he is all pine and I am all apple orchard” � the fact that this statement comes directly after the comment on the uselessness of the wall suggests that it is these kind of attitudes that puts a barrier between people thus segregating them from one another. Personification of the persona’s apple trees is used to explain to the reader just how much this persona undermines his neighbour. “my apple trees will never get across, and eat the cones under his pines”. Even though this comment is light-hearted and almost humorous it gives the reader the impression that the persona thinks of himself as a more intelligent person than his neighbour thus feeling that he needs to explain why the wall is unnecessary.
Mind that the sample papers like Mending wall presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
One way you can read Mending Wall by Robert Frost is that it is about a man who rebuilds the wall seperating his property from his neighbour’s. This man, this persona created by Gray doesn’t seem to believe there is a use for the wall as “he [the neighbour] is all pine and I [the persona] am apple orchard” but his neighbour believes that “good fences make good neighbours”. The persona tries to change his neighbour’s opinion by trying to “put a notion in his head” but his neighbour seems to just ignore him. So the persona gets annoyed and thinks of him as an “old-stone savage”. This is a very simple situation which we can all relate to. But, if we read deeper into the poem we may find the meanings that Robert Frost wanted us to see. Firstly, as we know that this persona is against the building of walls where not necessary we find that it is this persona that initiates the re-building of the wall “I let my neighbour know beyond the hill”. This gives the reader something to think about � it puts questions in the reader’s mind as to why he would initiate this if he doesn’t think it’s necessary. One reason may be that this persona enjoys the company of his neighbour � but he gets frustrated with him. Maybe this persona is a lonely person and any company is good company � they “meet to walk the line”. Maybe through mending the wall between them they are mending their friendship. These are all viable options and as we read further into the poem we may understand to a greater extent why he does this. When the two start building the wall the reader may notice that words such as “we” and “our” are used giving the feeling of cooperation and companionship. The persona once calls this task an “outdoor game” which connotes feelings of enjoyment, cooperation, competition. The fact that they walk “the line” “one on a side” gives a visual image in the readers mind and may remind them of a tennis game. I must emphasize that what is being told in the poem is from the persona’s point of view � not directly Frost’s � so the reader must beware and realise that it is possible that the persona is wrong in some of his comments. “There where it is we do not need the wall” � this comment being straight to the point makes the reader feel as if the persona is denying the fact that it is the wall that brings the two men together to cooperate with one another and to converse with one another (to a certain extent). The line directly after this comment segregates the two from one another by contrasting the type of people they are with each other. “he is all pine and I am all apple orchard” � the fact that this statement comes directly after the comment on the uselessness of the wall suggests that it is these kind of attitudes that puts a barrier between people thus segregating them from one another. Personification of the persona’s apple trees is used to explain to the reader just how much this persona undermines his neighbour. “my apple trees will never get across, and eat the cones under his pines”. Even though this comment is light-hearted and almost humorous it gives the reader the impression that the persona thinks of himself as a more intelligent person than his neighbour thus feeling that he needs to explain why the wall is unnecessary.
Mind that the sample papers like Mending wall presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday, May 16, 2012
Discuss Critical Thinking and Decision Making
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Discuss Critical Thinking and Decision Making even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Discuss Critical Thinking and Decision Making in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Critical Thinking is convergent or judgmental thinking, where the mind discovers a common attribute, expressed as a word or phrase, which is shared by more than one idea or concept in the population of ideas being considered. These emerging attributes describe the glue that connects the associated ideas. Put another way, the associated ideas are judged to belong to a particular class or category, described by a new idea representing a shared attribute.
Customer Surveys
We go beyond measuring customer satisfaction, to assess your organizations customer value add. Through this process, we identify how customers perceive your organization, why do they choose you, and more importantly Are you intentionally attracting the customers you get?
Our Customer Feedback helps you identify the specific attributes of your product and services that are most important in the minds of your customers. Then, we focus on how consistently and competitively are you delivering on the key attributes.
The American Customer Satisfaction Index identifies five key variables leading to sustained customer satisfaction and loyalty. Our Customer Value Map shows how the five key variables contribute to customer satisfaction, retention and loyalty.
According to our research, Product and Service Quality, Percieved Value and Customer Needs/Expectations all contribute to an initial level of customer satisfaction.
Excellent Product and Service Support combined with efficient Complaint Handling increases the likelihood of repeat customers. Customer value is created as customers compare the overall value received from your organization against other available options.
More on how Customer Feedback helps organizations defend and grow in the market.
Your managers will have an increased awareness of customer needs and make better informed decisions about customers. You will find these measures so valuable that they become part of a scorecard tracked and reported on a regular basis.
Next Turning Survey Feedback into Action
Mind that the sample papers like Discuss Critical Thinking and Decision Making presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Critical Thinking is convergent or judgmental thinking, where the mind discovers a common attribute, expressed as a word or phrase, which is shared by more than one idea or concept in the population of ideas being considered. These emerging attributes describe the glue that connects the associated ideas. Put another way, the associated ideas are judged to belong to a particular class or category, described by a new idea representing a shared attribute.
Customer Surveys
We go beyond measuring customer satisfaction, to assess your organizations customer value add. Through this process, we identify how customers perceive your organization, why do they choose you, and more importantly Are you intentionally attracting the customers you get?
Our Customer Feedback helps you identify the specific attributes of your product and services that are most important in the minds of your customers. Then, we focus on how consistently and competitively are you delivering on the key attributes.
The American Customer Satisfaction Index identifies five key variables leading to sustained customer satisfaction and loyalty. Our Customer Value Map shows how the five key variables contribute to customer satisfaction, retention and loyalty.
According to our research, Product and Service Quality, Percieved Value and Customer Needs/Expectations all contribute to an initial level of customer satisfaction.
Excellent Product and Service Support combined with efficient Complaint Handling increases the likelihood of repeat customers. Customer value is created as customers compare the overall value received from your organization against other available options.
More on how Customer Feedback helps organizations defend and grow in the market.
Your managers will have an increased awareness of customer needs and make better informed decisions about customers. You will find these measures so valuable that they become part of a scorecard tracked and reported on a regular basis.
Next Turning Survey Feedback into Action
Mind that the sample papers like Discuss Critical Thinking and Decision Making presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, May 10, 2012
The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1922
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1922 even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1922 in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1
Ireland is a small country, an island to the west of Britain, which in turn is a somewhat larger and much more densely populated island to the west of mainland Europe. The island consists of two political units, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, which is part of the UK. The division of the island into two political units, and hence two economies, dates from 1. This piece will provide a broad historical background to the economy from the late seventeenth century to 1.
.1. Growth and Early Industrialisation 160-1815
The Economy in 160
At the time of the Battle of the Boyne in 160 the Irish economy was predominantly rural, although it was no longer a ‘woodland’ society. Population stood at a little under two million, roughly double the level of a century before. With the spread of population the forest cover was rapidly disappearing, giving way to both grazing and tilling. The largest town, Dublin, had a population of around 60,000 inhabitants.
The country was an important exporter, especially of grain, beef, butter, wool, and to a lesser extent, linen. Earnings on these exports were spent on items such as coal and tobacco, with a surplus on the current account of the balance of payments amounting to perhaps 10 per cent of exports. It was observed that Ireland was not significantly poorer, and was possibly better off than most of continental Europe at that time, although less affluent than most of England. Income was distributed unevenly. Land was owned by perhaps 10,000 landlords, and six-sevenths of the land was held by Protestants. Much of this was let out to farmers, who in turn frequently sublet small plots to hired casual labour.
Growth and Structural Change
The essential features of economic growth during the period 160-1815 were a rapid recovery after the war, a period of relative stagnation (1700-0), twenty five years of crisis which included two famines (170-45), and a long wave of sustained and relatively rapid economic growth (1745-1815). The evidence for these is indirect, since few economic statistics were collected at the time.
The seventeenth century saw rapid changes in the structure of the Irish agricultural economy. Cattle exports gave way to beef; sheep exports fell and never recovered; butter and pig production soared; and the country turned from being a net importer, to an important exporter of grain. At the same time Ireland became a major producer of textiles, notably linen. Two explanations have been offered for these structural changes.
The first focuses on English laws. In 1667 the Cattle Act excluded Irish cattle, sheep, beef and pork from England, forcing the country to export wool rather than sheep and to search for new markets for meat. More positively, the granting of duty-free access to England for linen helped that industry. However, the significance of the English laws for Irish economic growth is a matter of controversy. Writers in the nationalist vein have stressed the ways in which English handicapped Irish growth. The Woollen Acts are viewed as stunting the development of the Irish woollen industry. Cullen (17) argues that in response to the Cattle Acts the country successfully developed other outlets for cattle, and switched for other activities. The Acts may have provided more jobs than would otherwise have been the case by forcing the country to turn from ranching and orienting it towards tillage and dairying.
The second explanation for the structural change in agriculture rests on the response to an increase in the relative price of agricultural commodities, especially grain. In part this reflected the increasing urbanisation of Britain and the resultant growing demand for food. This improvement in the terms of trade increased the incomes of farmers. Ireland continued to export grain until the late 1860’s, when the falling costs of shipping, coupling with the opening up of the American Mid-West, brought cheaper grain to Europe.
Industrial change was dominated by the rise of the linen industry, which Cullen calls ‘perhaps the most remarkable instance in Europe of an export based advance in the eighteenth century’. From a low base in the 160’s linen exports rose rapidly, accounting for a quarter of all exports by 171. Other industries also expanded and modernised, notably those based on the processing of agricultural products, such as brewing, distilling and flour milling. This was due in part to the Industrial Revolution. The organisation of many industries was radically changed, with the establishment of breweries, textile factories and glass works large enough to benefit from economies of scale. The road network was greatly improved and the first canals were built.
Eighteenth century Ireland experienced occasional recessions. The trigger was typically a poor harvest, which led to reduced exports without a similarly large reduction in imports. The resulting balance of payments deficit was financed by an outflow of money (gold and coin), reducing the money supply and leading to tighter credit. In the short run this tended to depress economic activity, although in the long run domestic prices simply fell, stimulating exports and restraining imports until the balance of payments deficit was erased.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
The benefits of economic growth in the late eighteenth century were not equally spread. The most evident rift was that between landowners and the large rural proletariat. Under the Penal laws Catholic tenants were supposed to pay rent equal to two thirds of the ‘annual value of the land’ but rents of a third of gross output were more normal. Thus a relatively few landlords, and the middlemen and farmers to whom they rented, and who in turn rented subplots to casual workers, extracted a large surplus from the poor majority.
A second divide was between Catholic and Protestant. The Penal Laws placed restrictions on the right of Catholics to purchase land, to worship, to run schools, to vote, to take public office, to enter the professions, to take long leases, and to bequeath property. Barred from the professions and politics, able Catholics often turned their energy towards commerce, and the expansion of trade helped create a significant Catholic middle class.
The third divide was between town and country. Dublin grew to be the second town of the UK by 1800, with a population of about 00,000. Cork had 80,000 inhabitants, Limerick 0,000, while Belfast was still a minor town. That the country was able to support such a significant urban population, and to export increasing quantities of food, reflected a growing agricultural surplus and rising agricultural productivity.
.. Rural Crisis 1815-1850
The period of 1815 to 1850 was one of rural crisis, culminating in the disaster of the Famine. This crisis was reflected in rising emigration. This was also the period when Ireland most clearly failed to participate in the Industrial Revolution, which was, then in full spate in Britain.
Population
The census of 1841 enumerated 8. million people in Ireland, a higher level than any measured before or since, and over half the level of Great Britain. Since 1750 the population had risen at an average rate of 1. per cent per year, which was well above the rates recorded in England or France. Yet, by the 180’s the growth rate had fallen to 0.6 per cent, due almost entirely to massive emigration, which probably absorbed about half a per cent of the population annually after 180. A majority of the emigrants went to North America, and they accounted for a third of the free transatlantic migration of the period. Most of the rest went to Britain, which absorbed perhaps half a million Irish between 1815 and 1841. Once the flow of migration became established it created a momentum of its own, as early emigrants sent back money to pay the way for other family members, and helped to get new migrants established in America.
The elevated population growth was largely due to high marital fertility. There is no entirely satisfactory explanation for the high martial fertility. The age at which women married and the proportion of women who married were in line with contemporary European experience. It is possible that it was due to a good diet, a weak tradition of birth control, or a desire to have children, whether for pleasure or to help face old age. Life expectancy at birth was 7-8 years, lower than in Britain or Scandinavia, but high than in most of the rest of Europe.
Growth and Incomes
On the eve of the Great Famine, Ireland was one of the poorest countries in Europe. Per capita income was about 40 per cent of the British level, and half of it was generated in agriculture. Yet if the country was poor, it was also well fed, on grain, potatoes and dairy products. If equitably distributed, there was ample food for good health, but problems arose when the potato failed, as it did in the South-West in 18, in Mayo in 181 and in Donegal in 186.
It has been common to consider the 1815-1850 period as one of general ‘deindustrialisation’, during which the importance of industry in the economy fell. This is only partly correct. For the island as a whole industrial output appears to have increased. Large scale and more efficient production methods were applied in many industries, the road system was improved and banks were organised. Despite these changes, rural industry declined.
The first cause of rural deindustrialisation was that the woollen and cotton industries wilted in the face of competition from Britain after 184 when the last tariffs on goods from Britain were removed. A second blow to rural industry was the invention of a method for mechanically spinning flax, which made hand-spinning redundant, thereby depriving large numbers of families of a supplementary source of income.
Despite a rapid fall in prices after 1815, agricultural exports continued to rise, notably livestock and butter and, most dramatically, grain and flour. By the 180’s Ireland exported enough grain to feed about two million people annually, which testifies to the dynamism of the agricultural sector, which increasingly used new technologies such as improved seeds, crop rotations, better ploughs and carts.
The most traumatic event of the period was the Famine. After a wet summer, blight arrived in September 1845 and spread over almost half the country, especially the East. Peel’s Westminster government provided funds for maize and meal; relief works were set up, and when these proved inadequate more funds were made available. Famine was largely avoided. However, the potato crop failed completely in 1846, and by December about half a million people were working on relief works, at which stage they were ended. The winter was harsh. By August 1847 an estimated three million people were being supported by soup kitchens, including also three quarters of the population of some western counties. The 1847 harvest was not severely harmed, but it was small because a lack of seed constrained the area planted to a sixth of the pre-Famine level. The blight returned in 1848 and in 184 over 00,000 people were in the workhouses at some time or another. After 1847 the responsibility for supporting the poor had increasingly been shifted from the government to the local landowners, who by and large did not have sufficient resources to cope. Noting that a few years later Britain spent £6 million on the (futile) Crimean war, Moykr (18) argues that for half this sum ‘there is no doubt that Britain could have saved Ireland’. It is also unlikely that an independent Ireland could have done so without outside support.
As a direct result of the famine about one million people died. Three fifths of those who died were young (under ten) or old (over 60), although they constituted just one-third of the population. Serious famines were not uncommon in Europe until the seventeenth century; what was so unusual, and shocking, about the Irish Famine was that it occurred so recently.
The output of potatoes fell by three-quarters. In response, exports of grain, and pork (which used potatoes) fell by two-thirds, the use of potatoes for animal fodder ceased, and food imports rose very rapidly. As a result the amount of calories available for direct consumption barely fell, on a per capita basis. This gives credence to Amartya Sen’s contention that famines are rarely caused by an absolute lack of food, but rather by a change in the food entitlements of major groups in society. Thus labourers were unable to find employment when blight reduced the need for harvesting and planting potatoes; without income they could not buy food, and so became destitute. It follows that what is usually needed during a famine is income support rather than mere injections of food. This view forces us to turn to the sources and distribution of income, and not on crop failures alone, as part of the explanation of famine.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
Pre-Famine Ireland probably had a ‘very unequal distribution of income by West European standards.’ According to the 1841 census, 6 percent of the population has access to less than five acres of land, or were ‘without capital, in either money, land or acquired knowledge’. A further per cent were artisans, or had farms of between 5 and 4 acres. The remaining per cent were professionals and rentiers, and included approximately 10,000 proprietors, or 0.1 per cent of the population who owned at least 100 acres.
There is evidence that the largely rural proletariat, who constituted somewhat over half of the total population, became worse off during the thirty years prior to the Famine. This vulnerable group was ravaged by the Famine; between 1845 and 1851 the number of small farms, of between one and five acres, halved.
Why did Ireland Remain Poor?
There is no shortage of hypotheses as to why Ireland remained poor, and hence uniquely vulnerable by European standards to the chance failure of the potato crop. Nor does a single clear cause emerge. Ireland was not unique in undergoing rural deindustrialisation and depopulation. It is possible that the appropriate question is why some areas did industrialise, for in the early nineteenth century this was the exception rather than the rule.
A Malthusian explanation. ‘The land of Ireland’, wrote Malthus in 1817,’is infinitely more peopled than in England; and to give full effect to the natural resources of the country a great part of the population should be swept from the soil’. If population growth persists in surpassing the growth of food production ‘gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one might blow levels the population with the food of the world.’ Although consistently popular, the Malthusian explanation has been sharply questioned.
Even before the Famine Ireland had more cultivable land per person than Belgium or England and Wales, although less than France or Denmark. Given the rise in food exports, it is unlikely that population was outstripping food supplies in pre-Famine Ireland. Malthus himself late changed his mind, and by 186 considered that, given enough inputs, Ireland could develop ‘prodigious wealth, perhaps even surpassing England in income’.
Insecurity of land tenure. In pre-Famine Ireland most farmers were tenants, and some of them had short leases. If they were to undertake fixed investment in their farms they ran the risk that the landlord would raise the rent. So, the argument goes, farmers invested too little in agriculture, except perhaps in Ulster, where thirty-year leases were more common.
Agricultural growth was not hampered in earlier or later periods because of the system of tenancies, and did not increase as a result of the shift to owner-occupancy in the early twentieth century. Most annual tenancies were quite secure, and routinely renewed without significant rent increases.
Natural resources. One of the most common explanations for Ireland’s failure to industrialise is that it lacks extensive deposits of coal. In England, 85 per cent of the textile industry was located in coal-mining areas.
In England coal costs came to about four per cent of the total cost of manufacturing textiles; coal was perhaps two and a half times as expensive in Ireland, thereby increasing costs by six per cent. This was easily offset by lower wages in Ireland. The fact that some industries did succeed suggests that coal was not the indispensable missing ingredient for industrialisation.
Lack of capital. It has sometimes been argued that Ireland lacked capital, and that this hampered its ability to industrialise. However in the aggregate capital does not seen to have been lacking. In 1860 Irish residents held £40 in British government stock, and £0 million in Irish banks, a total value approaching the value of national income.
Despite adequate amounts of savings, there may still have been shortages, because of the system of intermediation, which matched savings with investors, may have been inadequate. Many industrialists appear to have become landowners rather than reinvest in their businesses, victims of what Lee (18) terms ‘ the aristocratic cult’.
Human resources. Some commentators have argued that Ireland did not industrialise because it lacked key human resources. In this view there were not enough, entrepreneurs, the population lacked education, and emigration sucked out the best and the brightest.
In 1841, 54 per cent of men and 41 per cent of women could at least read, which was a respectable level of literacy given that all education was private before 181. The establishment if the National Board of Education helped ensure almost universal literacy by the end of the nineteenth century, although the improvement was gradual. Those who emigrated appear to have been slightly less literate than the population at large, and to have come disproportionately from the poorest strata of society. In some areas including linen, banking and other industries, there were a significant number of entrepreneurs, although not all of them were Irish. Moykr (18) argues that the landlord class failed as entrepreneurs, and that they should have been a major force for change and improvement, but too often were absent from the estates to be effective.
Competition from Britain. The industrial revolution in Britain made manufactured goods less expensive, and centralised production close to the main markets. Improvements in transport carried these goods to Ireland cheaply.
Some argue that Ireland could only have stood up to such competition if it had the ability to impose tariffs and imports. Others however have pointed out that Scotland managed to industrialise successfully. It is clear that the industrial revolution spelled an end to cottage production, but it is not obvious why this had to be due to competition from British rather than Irish manufacturers. This is why a search for other, deeper explanations of the Irish failure to industrialise is called for.
.. Fewer But Richer 1850-11
The seventy years following the Famine witnessed enormous changes in Irish society and saw the emergence of the modern economy. Over this period per capita income more than doubled, while the population fell by a third. A rural middle class emerged, replacing landlords and squeezing out rural labourers. Within agriculture tillage declined, and the production if dry cattle increased. The North-East became industrialised.
Population
The dominant demographic fact of the period is that population declined, from 6.6 million in 1851 to 4. million by 16. Without emigration the population would have risen, by about one per cent annually in the 1860’s, and by half a per cent annually at the turn of the century. Over the period 180 to 145 an estimated 4.5 million Irish emigrated to the US, comparable in magnitude to the flows from Italy, Austria and Britain.
Growth and Incomes
Astonishingly, between 1840 and 11 per capita incomes in Ireland rose at 1.6 per cent per year, faster than any other country in Europe. Where Irish incomes averaged 40 per cent of the British level in 1840, this proportion had risen to 60 per cent in 11. Part of the explanation of this is statistical. The Famine, and subsequent high levels of immigration, removed a disproportionate number of the very poor; even if those who remained experienced no increase in their incomes, average income would have been higher than before.
Income also rose because of dramatic increases in output per worker. The North-East became highly industrialised and in the rest of the country agricultural productivity rose rapidly. Textiles and shipbuilding, as well as their upstream activities such as the manufacture of boilers for linen mills and rope-making and engineering for Harland and Wolff, increased dramatically at the end of the 1th century.
It is sometimes wondered why the North-East industrialised while by and large the rest of the country did not. There was no lack of capital, and indeed from the 1880’s on Irish residents were net lenders of capital to the rest of the world. The primary school system expanded rapidly, enrolling 8,000 in state-subsidised schools in 1841, and 1,07,000 by 1887. Enterprise may have been lacking, although clearly not in the Lagan valley. Some ascribe the growth of industry in the North-East to the role of the Protestant ethic, however industrial development in Europe was not in general tied to Protestant areas. Government investment had a small role, although the efforts of the Belfast harbour board to clear a deepwater channel and reclaim dockland for industrial use turned out to be a key factor in attracting shipbuilders. Perhaps the explanation rests on chance, the idea that once Belfast grew as an industrial centre, accumulating skills, capital and infrastructure, then it became an increasingly attractive location for further investment.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
As late as 1870, 7 per cent of all land was owned by landlords who rented it out to others to farm. Just 750 families owned 50 per cent of the land in the country. However, between 1870 and 15 the landed proprietors ‘surrendered their power and property’ in one of the most extensive, and most peaceful, land reforms in history.
The Land League maws founded by Michael Davitt, and forged a link with Parnell and the Irish party in parliament. Their efforts resulted in the Land Act of 1881, which established land courts to hear rent appeals. Further efforts prompted legislation which provided tenants with government loans with which to purchase their land. Under the Ashbourne Act of 1885 and the Wyndham Act of 10 nearly 400,000 tenants bought their land. By 117 almost two-thirds of tenants had acquired their holdings.
In 1841 1. million classified themselves as ‘farm servants and labourers’; by 111 the number had fallen to 0. million. Despite problems of definition, it is generally accepted that this period saw the virtual disappearance of the hired labourer from Irish agriculture. Not only did many farm labourers die during the Famine, but they were particularly prone to emigrate, as wages were batter elsewhere
The distribution of income can be considered in other dimensions too. Protestants maintained their share of national income. This largely reflected the growth of the industrial North-East, which was dominated by Protestant interests, and the fact that Catholics were more likely to emigrate (and more died in the Famine). The small towns stagnated, and so did Dublin until late in the century. Dublin’s tenement slums were notorious, and probably contained a third of the inner city population. In 110 the average weekly earnings of a family in Dublin were between a quarter and a third lower than in Britain. In contrast to the rest of the country Belfast and Derry grew rapidly. Real wages in Belfast trebled in the sixty years from 1850. The zenith of Belfast’s prosperity came during and immediately after World War I, with a boom in shipbuilding and engineering. Another cleavage was apparent between the poorer western fringe and the rest of the country.
.4. Conclusion
The significant events of Irish economic history have been marshalled to support a number of different interpretations.
Nationalists emphasise the ways in which the links between the Irish economy and Great Britain have worked to Ireland’s detriment. Writers in this vein have stressed the damage caused by the plantations, the Navigation, Cattle and Woollen Acts, the solid growth during the years of Grattan’s parliament, the lowering of tariffs in the years after the Act of Union, the ineffectiveness of relief efforts during later years of the Famine, and the costs of Ireland’s inability to protect its industry from British goods during the second half of the nineteenth century. This approach has typically been used to lead to the conclusion that Ireland would be better of economically with independence.
Marxists stress the role of the conflict between different classes within the country. Thus, for instance, the Famine and subsequent emigration swept away the greater part of the rural proletariat, paving the way for the emergence of a rural bourgeoisie, which in due course wrested control over the land from the aristocracy. In this view the labouring class, whether agricultural or industrial, never achieved enough strength to effect significant social or economic change, and the indigenous capitalist class failed in its mission of creating a dynamic industrial base.
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The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1
Ireland is a small country, an island to the west of Britain, which in turn is a somewhat larger and much more densely populated island to the west of mainland Europe. The island consists of two political units, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, which is part of the UK. The division of the island into two political units, and hence two economies, dates from 1. This piece will provide a broad historical background to the economy from the late seventeenth century to 1.
.1. Growth and Early Industrialisation 160-1815
The Economy in 160
At the time of the Battle of the Boyne in 160 the Irish economy was predominantly rural, although it was no longer a ‘woodland’ society. Population stood at a little under two million, roughly double the level of a century before. With the spread of population the forest cover was rapidly disappearing, giving way to both grazing and tilling. The largest town, Dublin, had a population of around 60,000 inhabitants.
The country was an important exporter, especially of grain, beef, butter, wool, and to a lesser extent, linen. Earnings on these exports were spent on items such as coal and tobacco, with a surplus on the current account of the balance of payments amounting to perhaps 10 per cent of exports. It was observed that Ireland was not significantly poorer, and was possibly better off than most of continental Europe at that time, although less affluent than most of England. Income was distributed unevenly. Land was owned by perhaps 10,000 landlords, and six-sevenths of the land was held by Protestants. Much of this was let out to farmers, who in turn frequently sublet small plots to hired casual labour.
Growth and Structural Change
The essential features of economic growth during the period 160-1815 were a rapid recovery after the war, a period of relative stagnation (1700-0), twenty five years of crisis which included two famines (170-45), and a long wave of sustained and relatively rapid economic growth (1745-1815). The evidence for these is indirect, since few economic statistics were collected at the time.
The seventeenth century saw rapid changes in the structure of the Irish agricultural economy. Cattle exports gave way to beef; sheep exports fell and never recovered; butter and pig production soared; and the country turned from being a net importer, to an important exporter of grain. At the same time Ireland became a major producer of textiles, notably linen. Two explanations have been offered for these structural changes.
The first focuses on English laws. In 1667 the Cattle Act excluded Irish cattle, sheep, beef and pork from England, forcing the country to export wool rather than sheep and to search for new markets for meat. More positively, the granting of duty-free access to England for linen helped that industry. However, the significance of the English laws for Irish economic growth is a matter of controversy. Writers in the nationalist vein have stressed the ways in which English handicapped Irish growth. The Woollen Acts are viewed as stunting the development of the Irish woollen industry. Cullen (17) argues that in response to the Cattle Acts the country successfully developed other outlets for cattle, and switched for other activities. The Acts may have provided more jobs than would otherwise have been the case by forcing the country to turn from ranching and orienting it towards tillage and dairying.
The second explanation for the structural change in agriculture rests on the response to an increase in the relative price of agricultural commodities, especially grain. In part this reflected the increasing urbanisation of Britain and the resultant growing demand for food. This improvement in the terms of trade increased the incomes of farmers. Ireland continued to export grain until the late 1860’s, when the falling costs of shipping, coupling with the opening up of the American Mid-West, brought cheaper grain to Europe.
Industrial change was dominated by the rise of the linen industry, which Cullen calls ‘perhaps the most remarkable instance in Europe of an export based advance in the eighteenth century’. From a low base in the 160’s linen exports rose rapidly, accounting for a quarter of all exports by 171. Other industries also expanded and modernised, notably those based on the processing of agricultural products, such as brewing, distilling and flour milling. This was due in part to the Industrial Revolution. The organisation of many industries was radically changed, with the establishment of breweries, textile factories and glass works large enough to benefit from economies of scale. The road network was greatly improved and the first canals were built.
Eighteenth century Ireland experienced occasional recessions. The trigger was typically a poor harvest, which led to reduced exports without a similarly large reduction in imports. The resulting balance of payments deficit was financed by an outflow of money (gold and coin), reducing the money supply and leading to tighter credit. In the short run this tended to depress economic activity, although in the long run domestic prices simply fell, stimulating exports and restraining imports until the balance of payments deficit was erased.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
The benefits of economic growth in the late eighteenth century were not equally spread. The most evident rift was that between landowners and the large rural proletariat. Under the Penal laws Catholic tenants were supposed to pay rent equal to two thirds of the ‘annual value of the land’ but rents of a third of gross output were more normal. Thus a relatively few landlords, and the middlemen and farmers to whom they rented, and who in turn rented subplots to casual workers, extracted a large surplus from the poor majority.
A second divide was between Catholic and Protestant. The Penal Laws placed restrictions on the right of Catholics to purchase land, to worship, to run schools, to vote, to take public office, to enter the professions, to take long leases, and to bequeath property. Barred from the professions and politics, able Catholics often turned their energy towards commerce, and the expansion of trade helped create a significant Catholic middle class.
The third divide was between town and country. Dublin grew to be the second town of the UK by 1800, with a population of about 00,000. Cork had 80,000 inhabitants, Limerick 0,000, while Belfast was still a minor town. That the country was able to support such a significant urban population, and to export increasing quantities of food, reflected a growing agricultural surplus and rising agricultural productivity.
.. Rural Crisis 1815-1850
The period of 1815 to 1850 was one of rural crisis, culminating in the disaster of the Famine. This crisis was reflected in rising emigration. This was also the period when Ireland most clearly failed to participate in the Industrial Revolution, which was, then in full spate in Britain.
Population
The census of 1841 enumerated 8. million people in Ireland, a higher level than any measured before or since, and over half the level of Great Britain. Since 1750 the population had risen at an average rate of 1. per cent per year, which was well above the rates recorded in England or France. Yet, by the 180’s the growth rate had fallen to 0.6 per cent, due almost entirely to massive emigration, which probably absorbed about half a per cent of the population annually after 180. A majority of the emigrants went to North America, and they accounted for a third of the free transatlantic migration of the period. Most of the rest went to Britain, which absorbed perhaps half a million Irish between 1815 and 1841. Once the flow of migration became established it created a momentum of its own, as early emigrants sent back money to pay the way for other family members, and helped to get new migrants established in America.
The elevated population growth was largely due to high marital fertility. There is no entirely satisfactory explanation for the high martial fertility. The age at which women married and the proportion of women who married were in line with contemporary European experience. It is possible that it was due to a good diet, a weak tradition of birth control, or a desire to have children, whether for pleasure or to help face old age. Life expectancy at birth was 7-8 years, lower than in Britain or Scandinavia, but high than in most of the rest of Europe.
Growth and Incomes
On the eve of the Great Famine, Ireland was one of the poorest countries in Europe. Per capita income was about 40 per cent of the British level, and half of it was generated in agriculture. Yet if the country was poor, it was also well fed, on grain, potatoes and dairy products. If equitably distributed, there was ample food for good health, but problems arose when the potato failed, as it did in the South-West in 18, in Mayo in 181 and in Donegal in 186.
It has been common to consider the 1815-1850 period as one of general ‘deindustrialisation’, during which the importance of industry in the economy fell. This is only partly correct. For the island as a whole industrial output appears to have increased. Large scale and more efficient production methods were applied in many industries, the road system was improved and banks were organised. Despite these changes, rural industry declined.
The first cause of rural deindustrialisation was that the woollen and cotton industries wilted in the face of competition from Britain after 184 when the last tariffs on goods from Britain were removed. A second blow to rural industry was the invention of a method for mechanically spinning flax, which made hand-spinning redundant, thereby depriving large numbers of families of a supplementary source of income.
Despite a rapid fall in prices after 1815, agricultural exports continued to rise, notably livestock and butter and, most dramatically, grain and flour. By the 180’s Ireland exported enough grain to feed about two million people annually, which testifies to the dynamism of the agricultural sector, which increasingly used new technologies such as improved seeds, crop rotations, better ploughs and carts.
The most traumatic event of the period was the Famine. After a wet summer, blight arrived in September 1845 and spread over almost half the country, especially the East. Peel’s Westminster government provided funds for maize and meal; relief works were set up, and when these proved inadequate more funds were made available. Famine was largely avoided. However, the potato crop failed completely in 1846, and by December about half a million people were working on relief works, at which stage they were ended. The winter was harsh. By August 1847 an estimated three million people were being supported by soup kitchens, including also three quarters of the population of some western counties. The 1847 harvest was not severely harmed, but it was small because a lack of seed constrained the area planted to a sixth of the pre-Famine level. The blight returned in 1848 and in 184 over 00,000 people were in the workhouses at some time or another. After 1847 the responsibility for supporting the poor had increasingly been shifted from the government to the local landowners, who by and large did not have sufficient resources to cope. Noting that a few years later Britain spent £6 million on the (futile) Crimean war, Moykr (18) argues that for half this sum ‘there is no doubt that Britain could have saved Ireland’. It is also unlikely that an independent Ireland could have done so without outside support.
As a direct result of the famine about one million people died. Three fifths of those who died were young (under ten) or old (over 60), although they constituted just one-third of the population. Serious famines were not uncommon in Europe until the seventeenth century; what was so unusual, and shocking, about the Irish Famine was that it occurred so recently.
The output of potatoes fell by three-quarters. In response, exports of grain, and pork (which used potatoes) fell by two-thirds, the use of potatoes for animal fodder ceased, and food imports rose very rapidly. As a result the amount of calories available for direct consumption barely fell, on a per capita basis. This gives credence to Amartya Sen’s contention that famines are rarely caused by an absolute lack of food, but rather by a change in the food entitlements of major groups in society. Thus labourers were unable to find employment when blight reduced the need for harvesting and planting potatoes; without income they could not buy food, and so became destitute. It follows that what is usually needed during a famine is income support rather than mere injections of food. This view forces us to turn to the sources and distribution of income, and not on crop failures alone, as part of the explanation of famine.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
Pre-Famine Ireland probably had a ‘very unequal distribution of income by West European standards.’ According to the 1841 census, 6 percent of the population has access to less than five acres of land, or were ‘without capital, in either money, land or acquired knowledge’. A further per cent were artisans, or had farms of between 5 and 4 acres. The remaining per cent were professionals and rentiers, and included approximately 10,000 proprietors, or 0.1 per cent of the population who owned at least 100 acres.
There is evidence that the largely rural proletariat, who constituted somewhat over half of the total population, became worse off during the thirty years prior to the Famine. This vulnerable group was ravaged by the Famine; between 1845 and 1851 the number of small farms, of between one and five acres, halved.
Why did Ireland Remain Poor?
There is no shortage of hypotheses as to why Ireland remained poor, and hence uniquely vulnerable by European standards to the chance failure of the potato crop. Nor does a single clear cause emerge. Ireland was not unique in undergoing rural deindustrialisation and depopulation. It is possible that the appropriate question is why some areas did industrialise, for in the early nineteenth century this was the exception rather than the rule.
A Malthusian explanation. ‘The land of Ireland’, wrote Malthus in 1817,’is infinitely more peopled than in England; and to give full effect to the natural resources of the country a great part of the population should be swept from the soil’. If population growth persists in surpassing the growth of food production ‘gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one might blow levels the population with the food of the world.’ Although consistently popular, the Malthusian explanation has been sharply questioned.
Even before the Famine Ireland had more cultivable land per person than Belgium or England and Wales, although less than France or Denmark. Given the rise in food exports, it is unlikely that population was outstripping food supplies in pre-Famine Ireland. Malthus himself late changed his mind, and by 186 considered that, given enough inputs, Ireland could develop ‘prodigious wealth, perhaps even surpassing England in income’.
Insecurity of land tenure. In pre-Famine Ireland most farmers were tenants, and some of them had short leases. If they were to undertake fixed investment in their farms they ran the risk that the landlord would raise the rent. So, the argument goes, farmers invested too little in agriculture, except perhaps in Ulster, where thirty-year leases were more common.
Agricultural growth was not hampered in earlier or later periods because of the system of tenancies, and did not increase as a result of the shift to owner-occupancy in the early twentieth century. Most annual tenancies were quite secure, and routinely renewed without significant rent increases.
Natural resources. One of the most common explanations for Ireland’s failure to industrialise is that it lacks extensive deposits of coal. In England, 85 per cent of the textile industry was located in coal-mining areas.
In England coal costs came to about four per cent of the total cost of manufacturing textiles; coal was perhaps two and a half times as expensive in Ireland, thereby increasing costs by six per cent. This was easily offset by lower wages in Ireland. The fact that some industries did succeed suggests that coal was not the indispensable missing ingredient for industrialisation.
Lack of capital. It has sometimes been argued that Ireland lacked capital, and that this hampered its ability to industrialise. However in the aggregate capital does not seen to have been lacking. In 1860 Irish residents held £40 in British government stock, and £0 million in Irish banks, a total value approaching the value of national income.
Despite adequate amounts of savings, there may still have been shortages, because of the system of intermediation, which matched savings with investors, may have been inadequate. Many industrialists appear to have become landowners rather than reinvest in their businesses, victims of what Lee (18) terms ‘ the aristocratic cult’.
Human resources. Some commentators have argued that Ireland did not industrialise because it lacked key human resources. In this view there were not enough, entrepreneurs, the population lacked education, and emigration sucked out the best and the brightest.
In 1841, 54 per cent of men and 41 per cent of women could at least read, which was a respectable level of literacy given that all education was private before 181. The establishment if the National Board of Education helped ensure almost universal literacy by the end of the nineteenth century, although the improvement was gradual. Those who emigrated appear to have been slightly less literate than the population at large, and to have come disproportionately from the poorest strata of society. In some areas including linen, banking and other industries, there were a significant number of entrepreneurs, although not all of them were Irish. Moykr (18) argues that the landlord class failed as entrepreneurs, and that they should have been a major force for change and improvement, but too often were absent from the estates to be effective.
Competition from Britain. The industrial revolution in Britain made manufactured goods less expensive, and centralised production close to the main markets. Improvements in transport carried these goods to Ireland cheaply.
Some argue that Ireland could only have stood up to such competition if it had the ability to impose tariffs and imports. Others however have pointed out that Scotland managed to industrialise successfully. It is clear that the industrial revolution spelled an end to cottage production, but it is not obvious why this had to be due to competition from British rather than Irish manufacturers. This is why a search for other, deeper explanations of the Irish failure to industrialise is called for.
.. Fewer But Richer 1850-11
The seventy years following the Famine witnessed enormous changes in Irish society and saw the emergence of the modern economy. Over this period per capita income more than doubled, while the population fell by a third. A rural middle class emerged, replacing landlords and squeezing out rural labourers. Within agriculture tillage declined, and the production if dry cattle increased. The North-East became industrialised.
Population
The dominant demographic fact of the period is that population declined, from 6.6 million in 1851 to 4. million by 16. Without emigration the population would have risen, by about one per cent annually in the 1860’s, and by half a per cent annually at the turn of the century. Over the period 180 to 145 an estimated 4.5 million Irish emigrated to the US, comparable in magnitude to the flows from Italy, Austria and Britain.
Growth and Incomes
Astonishingly, between 1840 and 11 per capita incomes in Ireland rose at 1.6 per cent per year, faster than any other country in Europe. Where Irish incomes averaged 40 per cent of the British level in 1840, this proportion had risen to 60 per cent in 11. Part of the explanation of this is statistical. The Famine, and subsequent high levels of immigration, removed a disproportionate number of the very poor; even if those who remained experienced no increase in their incomes, average income would have been higher than before.
Income also rose because of dramatic increases in output per worker. The North-East became highly industrialised and in the rest of the country agricultural productivity rose rapidly. Textiles and shipbuilding, as well as their upstream activities such as the manufacture of boilers for linen mills and rope-making and engineering for Harland and Wolff, increased dramatically at the end of the 1th century.
It is sometimes wondered why the North-East industrialised while by and large the rest of the country did not. There was no lack of capital, and indeed from the 1880’s on Irish residents were net lenders of capital to the rest of the world. The primary school system expanded rapidly, enrolling 8,000 in state-subsidised schools in 1841, and 1,07,000 by 1887. Enterprise may have been lacking, although clearly not in the Lagan valley. Some ascribe the growth of industry in the North-East to the role of the Protestant ethic, however industrial development in Europe was not in general tied to Protestant areas. Government investment had a small role, although the efforts of the Belfast harbour board to clear a deepwater channel and reclaim dockland for industrial use turned out to be a key factor in attracting shipbuilders. Perhaps the explanation rests on chance, the idea that once Belfast grew as an industrial centre, accumulating skills, capital and infrastructure, then it became an increasingly attractive location for further investment.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
As late as 1870, 7 per cent of all land was owned by landlords who rented it out to others to farm. Just 750 families owned 50 per cent of the land in the country. However, between 1870 and 15 the landed proprietors ‘surrendered their power and property’ in one of the most extensive, and most peaceful, land reforms in history.
The Land League maws founded by Michael Davitt, and forged a link with Parnell and the Irish party in parliament. Their efforts resulted in the Land Act of 1881, which established land courts to hear rent appeals. Further efforts prompted legislation which provided tenants with government loans with which to purchase their land. Under the Ashbourne Act of 1885 and the Wyndham Act of 10 nearly 400,000 tenants bought their land. By 117 almost two-thirds of tenants had acquired their holdings.
In 1841 1. million classified themselves as ‘farm servants and labourers’; by 111 the number had fallen to 0. million. Despite problems of definition, it is generally accepted that this period saw the virtual disappearance of the hired labourer from Irish agriculture. Not only did many farm labourers die during the Famine, but they were particularly prone to emigrate, as wages were batter elsewhere
The distribution of income can be considered in other dimensions too. Protestants maintained their share of national income. This largely reflected the growth of the industrial North-East, which was dominated by Protestant interests, and the fact that Catholics were more likely to emigrate (and more died in the Famine). The small towns stagnated, and so did Dublin until late in the century. Dublin’s tenement slums were notorious, and probably contained a third of the inner city population. In 110 the average weekly earnings of a family in Dublin were between a quarter and a third lower than in Britain. In contrast to the rest of the country Belfast and Derry grew rapidly. Real wages in Belfast trebled in the sixty years from 1850. The zenith of Belfast’s prosperity came during and immediately after World War I, with a boom in shipbuilding and engineering. Another cleavage was apparent between the poorer western fringe and the rest of the country.
.4. Conclusion
The significant events of Irish economic history have been marshalled to support a number of different interpretations.
Nationalists emphasise the ways in which the links between the Irish economy and Great Britain have worked to Ireland’s detriment. Writers in this vein have stressed the damage caused by the plantations, the Navigation, Cattle and Woollen Acts, the solid growth during the years of Grattan’s parliament, the lowering of tariffs in the years after the Act of Union, the ineffectiveness of relief efforts during later years of the Famine, and the costs of Ireland’s inability to protect its industry from British goods during the second half of the nineteenth century. This approach has typically been used to lead to the conclusion that Ireland would be better of economically with independence.
Marxists stress the role of the conflict between different classes within the country. Thus, for instance, the Famine and subsequent emigration swept away the greater part of the rural proletariat, paving the way for the emergence of a rural bourgeoisie, which in due course wrested control over the land from the aristocracy. In this view the labouring class, whether agricultural or industrial, never achieved enough strength to effect significant social or economic change, and the indigenous capitalist class failed in its mission of creating a dynamic industrial base.
Mind that the sample papers like The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1922 presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sunday, May 6, 2012
The Importance of Values and Attitude in the Workplace
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like The Importance of Values and Attitude in the Workplace even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like The Importance of Values and Attitude in the Workplace in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Values and attitude are very important, not only in family and social life but also in your work environment. Friends, teachers, co-workers, and relatives can all influence the values you live by. The values of achievement, honesty, and fairness are four of the many values that are important in the work place.
While you are telecommuting, distractions mixed with the lack of self-discipline could be one of the major causes of failure in achieving the goals that are expected from you. Achievement, or feeling the need to achieve is important is the work environment of telecommuting. One should have a clear idea about what goals they are to focus on at what time. A large effort toward a main goal usually involves a large deal of time, thought and effort. Telecommuters are expected to work just as many hours off site as they would on site, if not more. One can increase his or her level of achievement basically by being tightly focused and putting more time and effort toward their work.
Honesty and fairness when telecommuting can go two ways. One way is, is the employee doing the work that should be, and how is the manager to know if he/she is being honest about their work. Having the advantage of flexibility and the disadvantage of many more distractions can be a hard combination to handle. Some managers are hesitant to use telecommuting because they are concerned of loosing control when the employee is off site. The second way these values can be applied is in asking if the employee is receiving the benefits and recognition they should be receiving. Employees are worried they will be left out of deserved benefits or important decisions. People must believe that the organization will treat them fairly when they are off site, and supervisors in return must believe that the employees will remain honest and productive.
Mind that the sample papers like The Importance of Values and Attitude in the Workplace presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Values and attitude are very important, not only in family and social life but also in your work environment. Friends, teachers, co-workers, and relatives can all influence the values you live by. The values of achievement, honesty, and fairness are four of the many values that are important in the work place.
While you are telecommuting, distractions mixed with the lack of self-discipline could be one of the major causes of failure in achieving the goals that are expected from you. Achievement, or feeling the need to achieve is important is the work environment of telecommuting. One should have a clear idea about what goals they are to focus on at what time. A large effort toward a main goal usually involves a large deal of time, thought and effort. Telecommuters are expected to work just as many hours off site as they would on site, if not more. One can increase his or her level of achievement basically by being tightly focused and putting more time and effort toward their work.
Honesty and fairness when telecommuting can go two ways. One way is, is the employee doing the work that should be, and how is the manager to know if he/she is being honest about their work. Having the advantage of flexibility and the disadvantage of many more distractions can be a hard combination to handle. Some managers are hesitant to use telecommuting because they are concerned of loosing control when the employee is off site. The second way these values can be applied is in asking if the employee is receiving the benefits and recognition they should be receiving. Employees are worried they will be left out of deserved benefits or important decisions. People must believe that the organization will treat them fairly when they are off site, and supervisors in return must believe that the employees will remain honest and productive.
Mind that the sample papers like The Importance of Values and Attitude in the Workplace presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, May 4, 2012
Euthanasia
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Euthanasia even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Euthanasia in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Euthanasia
Every society is faced with many issues that require sensitivity and understanding. One such issue is the debate over euthanasia, the practice of mercy killing. The need for society to act in a socially responsible manner of this moral issue is critical. Euthanasia is literally a life or death question, creating strong feelings on all sides. That is why there are medical, legal, and moral needs in the United States for society to recognize the right of terminally ill patients or their representatives to direct medical caretakers to withdraw or withhold life sustaining treatment.
There are several medical arguments to be made in favor of euthanasia. In the past, euthanasia was not as open to public debate. This was mostly due to the fact that many terminally ill patients died in their homes without making the public knowledgeable of how their deaths took place. However, as more people move from dying in their homes to dying in hospital beds, doctors become armed with the medical knowledge and technology to prolong a dying person’s life. For this reason, the euthanasia issue is receiving considerable attention in the world of modern medicine.
There are two forms of euthanasia. One being passive euthanasia, where treatment is withheld and the patient is simply allowed to die. The second being active euthanasia and for the sake of the arguments presented in this paper, active euthanasia will be defined as taking some direct action to end a patient’s life. This form of euthanasia is currently illegal in the U.S. except in Oregon. In Oregon there is what is known as the, “Death with Dignity Act,” where a patient can choose to terminate their own life.
According to hospital administrator Larry Larson, “American Medicine is supposed to operate in the best interest of the patient, and by prolonging a life of incurable wretchedness turns that standard upside down” (1). Larson also points out that death is inevitable and because of this, the medical profession should offer a “quick and merciful” medical option to end the life of a dying patient (16). In other words if death is an inevitable product of life, then why should the terminally ill be forced to continue living an existence that does not offer them the qualities that distinguish a vital and functional being from a dead body or inanimate object? Furthermore, Dr. Christian Barnard states, “I believe often that death is a good medical treatment because it can achieve what all the medical advances and technology cannot achieve today, and that is to stop the suffering of the patient (Larson 16).
There is the classic example presented by James Rachels. The patient is dying of incurable cancer and he is experiencing terrible pain, which can no longer be alleviated. He will die within a few days, and the pain is unbearable. So he asks the doctor to end it, and his family agrees with his decision. If the doctor went with the passive form of euthanasia, and agreed to withhold treatment as the current doctrine says he may. However, if the treatment is withheld it may take the patient longer to die and he would suffer more than if direct action were taken. This shows that, once the decision has been made not to prolong his agony, active euthanasia would be preferable to passive euthanasia. To say otherwise would endorse the option that leads to more suffering rather than less (Pojman).
These statements suggest that the physician’s primary goal should be relieving pain and suffering. Yet due to medical technology, as many as 10,000 patients are kept alive through life-sustaining medical treatment (Brennan 6). In order for this situation to change, society must hold the beliefs of medical professional, such as Dr. Bernard, to be true in order for there to be a universal acceptance of the need for medical caretakers to provide relief from pain and suffering.
In addition to sound medical reasons to support active euthanasia, there are also cogent legal issues to support it. Today, it is common for social issues to originate in the courts. For this reason, the legal system--our courts as well as legislatures--is determined to play an active role in deciding the outcomes of the debate over euthanasia. As lawyer James Podgers notes, “News media coverage of decisions in key cases triggers public debate that evolves into consensus, translating finally into legislative action” (60). As long as the courts are destined to decide the fate of our lives, it is important for society to be aware of the legal principles involved with euthanasia.
Central to most arguments for euthanasia is the principle of self-determination. As suggested by critic Daniel Callahan, people are presumed to have an interest in deciding for themselves how they will conduct their lives (5). Just as we have the right to choose our lifestyles, we should also hold the right to decide whether we should continue to live or die. Such a decision can be reached by rationally evaluating the benefits of continued living against the suffering involved. In doing so, we have preserved our own basic right as individuals to direct our lives according to our own principles and morals.
Unfortunately today the involvement of the legal system makes it more difficult for our own wishes to be carried out. Supreme Court Justice William Brennan emphasizes this struggle by stating, “When the courts decide a persons own evaluation of the dying process, they have ignored her values and deprive her of the right to a decision” (6). In addition, Rev. John Paris effectively stresses the need for a person’s self-determination to be respected in regard to the dying process, “In our determination to prolong life at any cost, we have forgotten that dying is a part of the process of living.” These people’s bodies are telling them there really is no purpose in going on, and yet we make them go on. (Larson 18).
In discussing the need for euthanasia, we must consider the moral arguments that society faces today. To begin with, society must distinguish between the act of killing an innocent person and that of euthanasia. Moral philosopher, Richard Brandt, argues that killing human beings ordinarily injures them and violates their preferences. In cases of euthanasia, when both of these conditions are lacking, the killing could be allowable” (4). Richard Brandt also feels that if we are no longer able to be injured we are free to withdraw life sustaining measures while taking positive steps to terminate life; he feels we are morally bound to do this ().
The fact that one person kills another does not automatically make euthanasia wrong. James Rachels is a professor of philosophy at the University of Alabama. He argues that killing someone is not morally worse than letting someone die. If a doctor lets a person die for humane reasons, he is in the same moral position as if he had given the patient a lethal injection for humane reasons (Pojman 1). The same result comes from both decisions, and if the same result is intended in both cases than morally there is no difference. Therefore by following Rachels argument it can be said that active euthanasia is not morally any worse than passive euthanasia.
In support of the moral rightness of euthanasia, Larry Larson points out that oftentimes the way we treat our aged and loved animals is better than we treat our aged and loved human beings (18). He furthers this analogy by making the following comparison
Having worked in a variety of medical settings, I have seen countless people suffer hideous deaths from illnesses like cancer, aids, cirrhosis, and end stage pulmonary disease. A dying animal is quickly “put out of its misery,” but no such consideration is offered to the terminally ill human (16).
A final point to be made is, just as there is a moral obligation to carry out a person’s wishes for disposal of his body and possessions after death, it would seem to be equally morally obligatory to respect his wishes in case he finds himself in vegetative state.
One of strongest arguments against euthanasia is the argument that there is the risk of an incorrect diagnosis. Yale Kamisar is one of the leading advocates against the legalization of euthanasia. He argues that by giving the medical practitioner wide discretion and trusting to his good sense is dangerous. “This, I submit, raises too great a risk of abuse and mistake to warrant a change in the existing law” (Pojman 177).
However, as seen with “The Death with Dignity Act” in Oregon, there is actually many safeguards to ensure there is no mistake when a person is euphemized. In 15 Oregon devised its own guidelines regarding assisted suicide.
1. The patient must be at least 18, terminally ill (having less than 6 months to live), and an Oregon resident.
. The patient must voluntarily make an oral request to the attending medical/osteopathic physician for a prescription for medication to end his or her life. A 15-day waiting period then begins.
. The attending physician ensures the patient understands the diagnosis and prognosis. The patient is informed of all options, including pain control, hospice care, and comfort care, as well as the risks and expected results of taking the medication.
4. The attending physician (a) determines whether the patient is capable of making health care decisions and is acting voluntarily; (b) encourages the patient to notify his or her next of kin; (c) informs the patient that he or she can withdraw the request for medication at any time and in any manner; and (d) refers the patient to a consulting physician who is asked to confirm the attending physician’s diagnosis and prognosis.
5. The consulting physician also decides whether the patient is capable of making the decision and is acting voluntarily. If either or both physicians believe that the patient is suffering from psychiatric illness or depression that causes impaired judgment, the patient will be referred for counseling.
6. Once the preceding steps have been satisfied, the patient voluntarily signs a written request witnessed by two people. At least on witness cannot be a relative or an heir of the patient.
7. The patient then makes a second oral request to the attending physician for medication to end his or her life.
8. The attending physician again informs the patient that he or she can withdraw the request for medication at any time and in any manner.
. No sooner those 15 days after the first oral request an 48 hours after the written request, the patient may receive a prescription to end his or her life. The attending physician again verifies at this time that the patient is making an informed decision (Pojman 4).
The Death with Dignity Law shows how through legislation, Oregon has taken steps to ensure there will be no mistakes in diagnosis when it comes to terminating a patients life. Although this is not the greatest remedy for the terminally ill, it is a start to dealing with the issue of euthanasia in a socially responsible manner. Also just because a practice can be abused does not mean that it will, or even that it should not be used at all. Like anything else in the field of medicine abuse can be a problem. However, euthanasia must be thought of as remedy. Similarly to the way penicillin is used to cure bacterial infections, euthanasia has to be accepted in society as a cure for the terminally ill who are suffering terribly.
Many advocates who fight against euthanasia argue that active euthanasia is “playing god and violates the sanctity of life” (Pojman 8). Many of these advocates feel that only god is allowed to take an innocent life. But if this rational is held than by prolonging life with life support medical practitioners are playing god. Taking antibiotics to cure bacterial infections, taking medicine to slow down the Aids virus, and even feeding the starving can all be seen as acts of playing god. If playing god means doing what will affect the chances of life and death, a lot of responsible social action does that (Pojman 8). We take life in self-defense and war, so why not in the self-defense against torture or great and irreversible suffering (8)?
Today, many people regard euthanasia as a dirty word. However, the root idea is that in euthanasia one undergoes a good death instead of a lingering and painful one. James Podgers argues in favor of euthanasia “Life is sacred, and death is a natural part of life. But just because life is sacred does not mean that death has to be feared, painful, or prolonged” (6). As long as society denies the need for its members to act in a socially responsible manner toward euthanasia, people will continue living life in a fearful existence. Once we accept that there is a medical, legal, and moral need for society to recognize the rights of terminally ill patients, or their representatives, society will have a better outlook on life and death. Works Cited
Brandt, Richard. “Is Euthanasia Immoral?” Taking Sides; Clashing Views on Controversial Moral Issues. Ed. Stephen Satris. Boston Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., 10.
Brennan, William J., and William Rehnquist. “Can States Restrict the Right to Die?” Taking Sides; Clashing Views on Controversial Legal Issues. Ed. Ethan M. Katsh. New York Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., 11.
Callahan, Daniel. “When Self-Determination Runs Amok.” Hastings Center Report Mar.-Apr. 1 5-55.
Kamisar, Yale. “Against Legalizing Euthanasia.” Minnesota Law Review 4 6 (May 158). Life and Death. Pojman, Louis P. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing Company, 000.
Larson, Larry, and Alan L. Otten. “Euthanasia is Justified.” Death and Dying. Ed. Janelle Rohr. Minnesota Greenhaven Press, 187.
Podgers, James. “Matters of Life and Death.” ABA Journal, 78 May 1 60-6
Rachels, James. “Active and Passive Euthanasia.” The New England Journal of Medicine (175). Life and Death. Pojman, Louis P. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing Company, 000.
Mind that the sample papers like Euthanasia presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Euthanasia
Every society is faced with many issues that require sensitivity and understanding. One such issue is the debate over euthanasia, the practice of mercy killing. The need for society to act in a socially responsible manner of this moral issue is critical. Euthanasia is literally a life or death question, creating strong feelings on all sides. That is why there are medical, legal, and moral needs in the United States for society to recognize the right of terminally ill patients or their representatives to direct medical caretakers to withdraw or withhold life sustaining treatment.
There are several medical arguments to be made in favor of euthanasia. In the past, euthanasia was not as open to public debate. This was mostly due to the fact that many terminally ill patients died in their homes without making the public knowledgeable of how their deaths took place. However, as more people move from dying in their homes to dying in hospital beds, doctors become armed with the medical knowledge and technology to prolong a dying person’s life. For this reason, the euthanasia issue is receiving considerable attention in the world of modern medicine.
There are two forms of euthanasia. One being passive euthanasia, where treatment is withheld and the patient is simply allowed to die. The second being active euthanasia and for the sake of the arguments presented in this paper, active euthanasia will be defined as taking some direct action to end a patient’s life. This form of euthanasia is currently illegal in the U.S. except in Oregon. In Oregon there is what is known as the, “Death with Dignity Act,” where a patient can choose to terminate their own life.
According to hospital administrator Larry Larson, “American Medicine is supposed to operate in the best interest of the patient, and by prolonging a life of incurable wretchedness turns that standard upside down” (1). Larson also points out that death is inevitable and because of this, the medical profession should offer a “quick and merciful” medical option to end the life of a dying patient (16). In other words if death is an inevitable product of life, then why should the terminally ill be forced to continue living an existence that does not offer them the qualities that distinguish a vital and functional being from a dead body or inanimate object? Furthermore, Dr. Christian Barnard states, “I believe often that death is a good medical treatment because it can achieve what all the medical advances and technology cannot achieve today, and that is to stop the suffering of the patient (Larson 16).
There is the classic example presented by James Rachels. The patient is dying of incurable cancer and he is experiencing terrible pain, which can no longer be alleviated. He will die within a few days, and the pain is unbearable. So he asks the doctor to end it, and his family agrees with his decision. If the doctor went with the passive form of euthanasia, and agreed to withhold treatment as the current doctrine says he may. However, if the treatment is withheld it may take the patient longer to die and he would suffer more than if direct action were taken. This shows that, once the decision has been made not to prolong his agony, active euthanasia would be preferable to passive euthanasia. To say otherwise would endorse the option that leads to more suffering rather than less (Pojman).
These statements suggest that the physician’s primary goal should be relieving pain and suffering. Yet due to medical technology, as many as 10,000 patients are kept alive through life-sustaining medical treatment (Brennan 6). In order for this situation to change, society must hold the beliefs of medical professional, such as Dr. Bernard, to be true in order for there to be a universal acceptance of the need for medical caretakers to provide relief from pain and suffering.
In addition to sound medical reasons to support active euthanasia, there are also cogent legal issues to support it. Today, it is common for social issues to originate in the courts. For this reason, the legal system--our courts as well as legislatures--is determined to play an active role in deciding the outcomes of the debate over euthanasia. As lawyer James Podgers notes, “News media coverage of decisions in key cases triggers public debate that evolves into consensus, translating finally into legislative action” (60). As long as the courts are destined to decide the fate of our lives, it is important for society to be aware of the legal principles involved with euthanasia.
Central to most arguments for euthanasia is the principle of self-determination. As suggested by critic Daniel Callahan, people are presumed to have an interest in deciding for themselves how they will conduct their lives (5). Just as we have the right to choose our lifestyles, we should also hold the right to decide whether we should continue to live or die. Such a decision can be reached by rationally evaluating the benefits of continued living against the suffering involved. In doing so, we have preserved our own basic right as individuals to direct our lives according to our own principles and morals.
Unfortunately today the involvement of the legal system makes it more difficult for our own wishes to be carried out. Supreme Court Justice William Brennan emphasizes this struggle by stating, “When the courts decide a persons own evaluation of the dying process, they have ignored her values and deprive her of the right to a decision” (6). In addition, Rev. John Paris effectively stresses the need for a person’s self-determination to be respected in regard to the dying process, “In our determination to prolong life at any cost, we have forgotten that dying is a part of the process of living.” These people’s bodies are telling them there really is no purpose in going on, and yet we make them go on. (Larson 18).
In discussing the need for euthanasia, we must consider the moral arguments that society faces today. To begin with, society must distinguish between the act of killing an innocent person and that of euthanasia. Moral philosopher, Richard Brandt, argues that killing human beings ordinarily injures them and violates their preferences. In cases of euthanasia, when both of these conditions are lacking, the killing could be allowable” (4). Richard Brandt also feels that if we are no longer able to be injured we are free to withdraw life sustaining measures while taking positive steps to terminate life; he feels we are morally bound to do this ().
The fact that one person kills another does not automatically make euthanasia wrong. James Rachels is a professor of philosophy at the University of Alabama. He argues that killing someone is not morally worse than letting someone die. If a doctor lets a person die for humane reasons, he is in the same moral position as if he had given the patient a lethal injection for humane reasons (Pojman 1). The same result comes from both decisions, and if the same result is intended in both cases than morally there is no difference. Therefore by following Rachels argument it can be said that active euthanasia is not morally any worse than passive euthanasia.
In support of the moral rightness of euthanasia, Larry Larson points out that oftentimes the way we treat our aged and loved animals is better than we treat our aged and loved human beings (18). He furthers this analogy by making the following comparison
Having worked in a variety of medical settings, I have seen countless people suffer hideous deaths from illnesses like cancer, aids, cirrhosis, and end stage pulmonary disease. A dying animal is quickly “put out of its misery,” but no such consideration is offered to the terminally ill human (16).
A final point to be made is, just as there is a moral obligation to carry out a person’s wishes for disposal of his body and possessions after death, it would seem to be equally morally obligatory to respect his wishes in case he finds himself in vegetative state.
One of strongest arguments against euthanasia is the argument that there is the risk of an incorrect diagnosis. Yale Kamisar is one of the leading advocates against the legalization of euthanasia. He argues that by giving the medical practitioner wide discretion and trusting to his good sense is dangerous. “This, I submit, raises too great a risk of abuse and mistake to warrant a change in the existing law” (Pojman 177).
However, as seen with “The Death with Dignity Act” in Oregon, there is actually many safeguards to ensure there is no mistake when a person is euphemized. In 15 Oregon devised its own guidelines regarding assisted suicide.
1. The patient must be at least 18, terminally ill (having less than 6 months to live), and an Oregon resident.
. The patient must voluntarily make an oral request to the attending medical/osteopathic physician for a prescription for medication to end his or her life. A 15-day waiting period then begins.
. The attending physician ensures the patient understands the diagnosis and prognosis. The patient is informed of all options, including pain control, hospice care, and comfort care, as well as the risks and expected results of taking the medication.
4. The attending physician (a) determines whether the patient is capable of making health care decisions and is acting voluntarily; (b) encourages the patient to notify his or her next of kin; (c) informs the patient that he or she can withdraw the request for medication at any time and in any manner; and (d) refers the patient to a consulting physician who is asked to confirm the attending physician’s diagnosis and prognosis.
5. The consulting physician also decides whether the patient is capable of making the decision and is acting voluntarily. If either or both physicians believe that the patient is suffering from psychiatric illness or depression that causes impaired judgment, the patient will be referred for counseling.
6. Once the preceding steps have been satisfied, the patient voluntarily signs a written request witnessed by two people. At least on witness cannot be a relative or an heir of the patient.
7. The patient then makes a second oral request to the attending physician for medication to end his or her life.
8. The attending physician again informs the patient that he or she can withdraw the request for medication at any time and in any manner.
. No sooner those 15 days after the first oral request an 48 hours after the written request, the patient may receive a prescription to end his or her life. The attending physician again verifies at this time that the patient is making an informed decision (Pojman 4).
The Death with Dignity Law shows how through legislation, Oregon has taken steps to ensure there will be no mistakes in diagnosis when it comes to terminating a patients life. Although this is not the greatest remedy for the terminally ill, it is a start to dealing with the issue of euthanasia in a socially responsible manner. Also just because a practice can be abused does not mean that it will, or even that it should not be used at all. Like anything else in the field of medicine abuse can be a problem. However, euthanasia must be thought of as remedy. Similarly to the way penicillin is used to cure bacterial infections, euthanasia has to be accepted in society as a cure for the terminally ill who are suffering terribly.
Many advocates who fight against euthanasia argue that active euthanasia is “playing god and violates the sanctity of life” (Pojman 8). Many of these advocates feel that only god is allowed to take an innocent life. But if this rational is held than by prolonging life with life support medical practitioners are playing god. Taking antibiotics to cure bacterial infections, taking medicine to slow down the Aids virus, and even feeding the starving can all be seen as acts of playing god. If playing god means doing what will affect the chances of life and death, a lot of responsible social action does that (Pojman 8). We take life in self-defense and war, so why not in the self-defense against torture or great and irreversible suffering (8)?
Today, many people regard euthanasia as a dirty word. However, the root idea is that in euthanasia one undergoes a good death instead of a lingering and painful one. James Podgers argues in favor of euthanasia “Life is sacred, and death is a natural part of life. But just because life is sacred does not mean that death has to be feared, painful, or prolonged” (6). As long as society denies the need for its members to act in a socially responsible manner toward euthanasia, people will continue living life in a fearful existence. Once we accept that there is a medical, legal, and moral need for society to recognize the rights of terminally ill patients, or their representatives, society will have a better outlook on life and death. Works Cited
Brandt, Richard. “Is Euthanasia Immoral?” Taking Sides; Clashing Views on Controversial Moral Issues. Ed. Stephen Satris. Boston Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., 10.
Brennan, William J., and William Rehnquist. “Can States Restrict the Right to Die?” Taking Sides; Clashing Views on Controversial Legal Issues. Ed. Ethan M. Katsh. New York Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., 11.
Callahan, Daniel. “When Self-Determination Runs Amok.” Hastings Center Report Mar.-Apr. 1 5-55.
Kamisar, Yale. “Against Legalizing Euthanasia.” Minnesota Law Review 4 6 (May 158). Life and Death. Pojman, Louis P. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing Company, 000.
Larson, Larry, and Alan L. Otten. “Euthanasia is Justified.” Death and Dying. Ed. Janelle Rohr. Minnesota Greenhaven Press, 187.
Podgers, James. “Matters of Life and Death.” ABA Journal, 78 May 1 60-6
Rachels, James. “Active and Passive Euthanasia.” The New England Journal of Medicine (175). Life and Death. Pojman, Louis P. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing Company, 000.
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