We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like essays even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like essays in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
China, a developing country in the Asia-pacific region is labeled as the worldfs seventh largest economy in terms of power and influence and the largest in terms of size- 1% of global population. Under Mao Tse Tungfs communist rule, China attempted to modernize both agriculture and industry in the ggreat leap forwardh in the 150fs. However, the policies implemented proved futile and resulted in pervasive famine and poverty. In the latter period of the 160fs Tungfs successor, Deng Xiao Ping instigated a cluster of fundamental policies designated on integrating China with the global economy and to promote its economic growth and development.
Chinafs experience with the World Bank is extensive. Since joining the bank in 180, China has been the largest single source of long-term foreign capital, acquiring $US.5 billion after 1 for reform purposes.
Furthermore, China had loaned minimal amounts from the IMF and repaid immediately.
In 180 an eopen doorf policy was employed to expose China to foreign trade and investment with Special Economic Zones established in the southern coastal provinces. This policy was successful due to the low tax rates, import duty exemption, far less stringent regulations, and the comparative advantage China has in labour productivity. In this period foreign trade generated $US0 billion, which expanded to $US400 billion in 1. TNCfs such as Phillips operate companies and generate $US5 billion-worth of goods in China each year, but nearly two-thirds of that is exported overseas.
In addition, agricultural reforms were implemented to strengthen economic development. This entailed the removal of the commune system, also referred to as de-collectivisation and the introduction of the Household Responsibility System where the household sector had freedom to organise their own production decisions and distribute surpluses in free markets after the establishment of quotas or plans. In f7 agriculture measured 1% of GDP.
These reforms generated positive economic growth rates for China. World Bank studies concluded that China achieved average growth rates of 8.% between 178 and 15. Further, the IMF Economic Outlook 00 states that Chinafs GDP (adjusted for PPP) has reached $4.5trillion, equivalent to 1% of Gross World Product (GWP).
The growth of Chinafs potential export markets increased due to reduced government intervention and international convergence but at the expense of higher unemployment and structural change in domestic industries. Through a series of further decentralizing effects, current Premier, Zhu Rongji attempts to increase industry efficiency and competitiveness. China was admitted into the WTO at the Doha conference in 001 and raised exportfs by almost 50% during the first half of this year by exporting to the other 14 member nations.
Financial sector reforms corroborated the nationfs drive to entice foreign investment. They began in 1 with a price mechanism established and a new taxation system operating amidst the central and local authorities. The Peoplefs Bank of China was assigned the central bank implementing the monetary policy and a dual exchange rate was established. The capital loan and negotiable securities markets were gradually established after 185 and Chinafs average tariff rate was cut from % to 15% in 000. Banking laws were initiated in 15 and lead to network banking, stock exchanges and a more sophisticated capital market to accommodate savings and investments. In the years after 1, the amount of foreign investment absorbed by China has maintained the honor of No. in the world for five consecutive years, after the USA. Chinafs private bank savings surpass $US840 billion, equivalent to its GDP. Since then, China has maintained a managed float currency.
Chinafs quality of life may be measured via various indicators such as the level of educational attainment, life expectancy at birth, GNP per capita and the number of doctors per 100,000 people. Education reforms such as the gnine-year compulsory schooling systemh, which was implemented to enhance primary, secondary and tertiary education, achieved great results with the average adult literacy rate rising to 8.8% in 1. Life expectancy at birth reached an average 6.8 years with GNP pc averaging $US780. This gave China an overall HDI value of 0.706. To add, during 1-5 there were 115 doctors per 100,000 people. The Chinese have an average quality of life in comparison to Australiafs whopping 0..
Chinafs reform strategies created many environmental consequences. The country is affected by soot, smoke, acid rain and polluted air and water, which are the unintended consequences of globalisation. By 000 China has basically controlled environmental pollution and the worsening of the ecological environment by establishing things such as the ,500 environmental-protection departments.
The distribution of income and wealth for China is imbalanced. For instance, rural residents had a per capita net income of ,10 Yuan in 1 compared to urban residents receiving 5,854 Yuan. This has increased the prominence of relative and absolute poverty. Chinafs current urban unemployment rate measures 10-15%. However, China has promoted the combination of overall social planning with individual accounts and set up at unified insurance system for staff and workers of enterprises. In 1 million retired staff was covered by old-age pension.
Globalisation has presented numerous implications for Chinafs economic policy framework. Chinafs path to global integration relied essentially upon decentralisation of decision- making, a greater role market forces (through initiatives such as exchange rates) and X-led growth. From 16-8 the Chinese government loosened monetary policy eight times to increase investment in capital and consumer spending. Furthermore, it implemented fiscal expansion policy and budgeted for a deficit in 1 to fund necessities such as telecommunications, transportation and infrastructure. This budget deficit cost the Chinese government a total of $160billion renminbi in treasury bonds.
So, it is obviously illustrated that China has embraced the notion of globalisation and coincide with the continuously changing demands associated. It is successfully reforming its economy even in the present day today and is envisaging positive outcomes for the future. Through its reforming process it has experienced both the benefits and drawbacks of globalisation. From recent trends, it appears highly likely for China to continue growing at such as miraculous rate, competing close to the U.S and ultimately, embracing the global economy.
Mind that the sample papers like essays presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Showing posts with label free essay papers. Show all posts
Showing posts with label free essay papers. Show all posts
Sunday, August 26, 2012
Thursday, August 23, 2012
12 angry men
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like 12 angry men even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like 12 angry men in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
1 Angry Men
Having the power to decide whether a man lives or not, is a great responsibility that you cannot just decide on irrelevant material, but put a lot of thought process into the matter at hand.. This responsibility is taken by twelve men in a trial for murder in the movie Twelve Angry Men. These men are assigned to look at facts and hear witnesses to the murder and then decide if the man is guilty or not. If found guilty, they will punish him with the electric chair. Many of these men, called jurors, all of the jurors but one were convinced that the defendant was guilty, but a single man had the power, persuasion and intelligence to change their way of thinking and finally he made them realize that the man was not guilty at all. We can see that everybody in the jury had a very different way of thinking and a different way to interpret the thing said at the trial. For example juror eight thought that the defendant was guilty at first, but he wasn’t ready to charge a man with murder without looking closely into the facts. Juror 4 in the contrary, he just looked into the facts as they were told. Both of these men were very intelligent, but they had a different ways of seeing things and that is why they had a different opinion on the trial.
Juror four was a stockbroker; he was very wealthy and very intelligent. He always knew how to talk and how to make his opinions very clear. “I don’t see any need for arguing like this. I think we ought to be able to behave like gentlemen”. Juror 4 page 186. He thought of himself as a better person than every body else in the room, this is one of the reasons he was so hard to convince. We can see this since the beginning of the play when every body got into the room and started talking to each other. Juror four just sat down and didn’t talk to anybody. Juror even tried to get a conversation with him asking about the paper and he replied in a superior way when he said that he was looking at the stocks. He showed us the way he thinks about himself when he stated his points (his tone of voice showed his superiority). He had his point and thought that it was the most intelligent thought of all and thought that every body was stupid because they didn’t follow his ideas. He never thought that someone would think more than him and get a better perspective of the scene. He also showed us that he felt superior when he never takes his coat of. The room was very hot and every body took their coats off but he didn’t because it’s a way that he feels more professional and more respectful. He was trying to show that he has no discomfort with it because he always wears a suit and he is used to have it at all times. It was like a way to show his pride and even if he was hot, he wasn’t willing to take it of. Unlike juror 8, he looked himself as an equal to every body; he respected every body’s opinion and put in consideration what others had to say. He was always trying to motivate everybody to give their opinions. He talks with respect to everyone and talks in a simple way. Even though he is also a professional and very well educated like juror 4, he takes of his coat which makes him seem like the rest of the jury. At the beginning, unlike juror 4, he talks to everybody about personal things, we see this when he is at the window and he starts talking to juror 11. He is always socializing no matter who the other person is, even in the bathroom, he talks to two men and even tries to make them make sense of why he is doing what he is doing.
Another aspect of juror 4 is that he just kept thinking that the facts were there and that they determined the guiltiness of the defendant. “If we are going to discuss this case let’s discuss the facts” Juror 4 page 186. We are shown this when he starts saying that the boy said he was at the movies but he couldn’t even remember the movies he went to see. He thought the boy was lying because everyone who goes to a movie has to remember what they had seen and that was a fact for him. He didn’t accept that the boy might have been in shock and couldn’t remember. He stays with this idea about facts until the very end. He had to be convinced with facts. We see this when he says that their was a witness who saw the murder and that was everything he needed to know. The facts about the witness actually being able to see were the facts that made him change his mind, but still the had to be facts in order for him to believe them.
Juror 8 was a man of justice; he was not willing to prosecute a man without analyzing the facts deeply. “I’m not trying to change your mind. It’s just that we are talking of somebody’s life here. I mean, we can’t decide in five minutes. Supposing we’re wrong?” Juror 8 page 184. Although he believed the man was guilty at first, he stated that he hadn’t had a fair trial because he didn’t have a good lawyer. “I kept putting myself in the place of the boy. I would have asked for another lawyer, I think.” Juror 8 page1. He analyzes every fact and gets a possibility out of it and that is how he ends proving his innocence. Through out the whole play he shows his way of looking into the facts. For example when he even went to walk around the place and bought a knife that looked just like the murder weapon. He analyzed that anybody could have that knife no just the boy. Also when he analyzes the testimony of the old man. He ends up making a recreation about it to show that there might have been a chance he couldn’t look well enough to see who the murderer was. Also at the end, with the help of juror , he analyzes the woman’s testimony and ends up proving that the woman couldn’t see well because she didn’t have her eye glasses on.
Mind that the sample papers like 12 angry men presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
1 Angry Men
Having the power to decide whether a man lives or not, is a great responsibility that you cannot just decide on irrelevant material, but put a lot of thought process into the matter at hand.. This responsibility is taken by twelve men in a trial for murder in the movie Twelve Angry Men. These men are assigned to look at facts and hear witnesses to the murder and then decide if the man is guilty or not. If found guilty, they will punish him with the electric chair. Many of these men, called jurors, all of the jurors but one were convinced that the defendant was guilty, but a single man had the power, persuasion and intelligence to change their way of thinking and finally he made them realize that the man was not guilty at all. We can see that everybody in the jury had a very different way of thinking and a different way to interpret the thing said at the trial. For example juror eight thought that the defendant was guilty at first, but he wasn’t ready to charge a man with murder without looking closely into the facts. Juror 4 in the contrary, he just looked into the facts as they were told. Both of these men were very intelligent, but they had a different ways of seeing things and that is why they had a different opinion on the trial.
Juror four was a stockbroker; he was very wealthy and very intelligent. He always knew how to talk and how to make his opinions very clear. “I don’t see any need for arguing like this. I think we ought to be able to behave like gentlemen”. Juror 4 page 186. He thought of himself as a better person than every body else in the room, this is one of the reasons he was so hard to convince. We can see this since the beginning of the play when every body got into the room and started talking to each other. Juror four just sat down and didn’t talk to anybody. Juror even tried to get a conversation with him asking about the paper and he replied in a superior way when he said that he was looking at the stocks. He showed us the way he thinks about himself when he stated his points (his tone of voice showed his superiority). He had his point and thought that it was the most intelligent thought of all and thought that every body was stupid because they didn’t follow his ideas. He never thought that someone would think more than him and get a better perspective of the scene. He also showed us that he felt superior when he never takes his coat of. The room was very hot and every body took their coats off but he didn’t because it’s a way that he feels more professional and more respectful. He was trying to show that he has no discomfort with it because he always wears a suit and he is used to have it at all times. It was like a way to show his pride and even if he was hot, he wasn’t willing to take it of. Unlike juror 8, he looked himself as an equal to every body; he respected every body’s opinion and put in consideration what others had to say. He was always trying to motivate everybody to give their opinions. He talks with respect to everyone and talks in a simple way. Even though he is also a professional and very well educated like juror 4, he takes of his coat which makes him seem like the rest of the jury. At the beginning, unlike juror 4, he talks to everybody about personal things, we see this when he is at the window and he starts talking to juror 11. He is always socializing no matter who the other person is, even in the bathroom, he talks to two men and even tries to make them make sense of why he is doing what he is doing.
Another aspect of juror 4 is that he just kept thinking that the facts were there and that they determined the guiltiness of the defendant. “If we are going to discuss this case let’s discuss the facts” Juror 4 page 186. We are shown this when he starts saying that the boy said he was at the movies but he couldn’t even remember the movies he went to see. He thought the boy was lying because everyone who goes to a movie has to remember what they had seen and that was a fact for him. He didn’t accept that the boy might have been in shock and couldn’t remember. He stays with this idea about facts until the very end. He had to be convinced with facts. We see this when he says that their was a witness who saw the murder and that was everything he needed to know. The facts about the witness actually being able to see were the facts that made him change his mind, but still the had to be facts in order for him to believe them.
Juror 8 was a man of justice; he was not willing to prosecute a man without analyzing the facts deeply. “I’m not trying to change your mind. It’s just that we are talking of somebody’s life here. I mean, we can’t decide in five minutes. Supposing we’re wrong?” Juror 8 page 184. Although he believed the man was guilty at first, he stated that he hadn’t had a fair trial because he didn’t have a good lawyer. “I kept putting myself in the place of the boy. I would have asked for another lawyer, I think.” Juror 8 page1. He analyzes every fact and gets a possibility out of it and that is how he ends proving his innocence. Through out the whole play he shows his way of looking into the facts. For example when he even went to walk around the place and bought a knife that looked just like the murder weapon. He analyzed that anybody could have that knife no just the boy. Also when he analyzes the testimony of the old man. He ends up making a recreation about it to show that there might have been a chance he couldn’t look well enough to see who the murderer was. Also at the end, with the help of juror , he analyzes the woman’s testimony and ends up proving that the woman couldn’t see well because she didn’t have her eye glasses on.
Mind that the sample papers like 12 angry men presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, August 9, 2012
"Notes of a Native Son."
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like "Notes of a Native Son." even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like "Notes of a Native Son." in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
James Baldwin, a homosexual African American, the grandson of a slave focuses his writing on his “blackness” and environment (Harlem) in his essay, “Notes of a Native Son.” There are three things that affect Baldwin the most, his race, his prejudice riotous society and the reconciliation with his father that he experiences. The essay concentrates on three important sections or effects; Harlem as a prejudice society, Baldwin’s father’s funeral, and, Baldwin’s blackness and how he deals with his blackness. The funeral day of Baldwin’s father there was mass hysteria in Harlem. Baldwin says,
A few hours after my father’s funeral, while he lay in state in the undertaker’s chapel, a race riot broke out in Harlem. On the morning of the rd of August, we drove my father to the graveyard through a wilderness of smashed plate glass. (Page 5)
The smashed plate glass symbolizes the broken community and broken life that Baldwin’s father led. The tumultuous racial tensions in Harlem never ceased to die even with James Baldwin’s father who was a bitter man. Much like Baldwin’s father’s life his funeral is surrounded by what essentially was wrong with Harlem; the poverty and racial hatred. His father was a very sequestered man. He couldn’t live with white people because of the slavery issue; Baldwin’s grandfather was a slave from New Orleans. Not showing any love for your children caused much despair in the life of Baldwin’s father. There is a schism of love and hate inside his father. Baldwin says,
In my mind’s eye I could see him, sitting at the window, locked up in his terrors; hating and fearing every living soul including his children who had betrayed him, too, by reaching towards the world which had despised him. (Page 54)
This proves that Baldwin’s father was in fact mentally ill and bitter towards everyone and everything including his own family because he was so greatly affected by the poverty and enslavement of his ancestors.
Baldwin cannot escape the racism either. His father taught him how to hate and he knew hatred from his father before he experienced it himself. Baldwin writes so vividly,
She did not ask me what I wanted, but repeated, as though she had learned it somewhere, ‘We don’t serve Negroes here.’ She did not say it with the blunt, derisive hostility to which I had grown so accustomed, but, rather, with a note of apology in her voice, and fear. This made me colder and more murderous than ever. I felt I had to do something with my hands. I wanted her to come close enough for me to get her neck between my hands. (Page 58)
Baldwin, in this particular passage succumbs to his self-conscious demons. Baldwin writes a letter to his nephew James about not falling into this racial trap of hatred. Baldwin does not want James to make the mistakes that he himself had made in the past with whites and his father. For Baldwin never had the opportunity to talk with his father about the future, he regrets this with all of his heart. It was always so hard for him to talk with his father for their relationship “had got on badly.” White people oppress blacks from the Harlem ghetto by not serving them in certain “white” restaurants. This is why Baldwin is so upset with the white waitress in the fashionable restaurant. Baldwin’s upbringing (Harlem) and, the affects of his own father bestowed an immense amount of anger into his mind, body, and soul. Baldwin states, “The principle damage done during the riot of the summer of 14 was to white business establishments in Harlem.” (Page 66) Why to white business establishments? Those businesses had all the money. If you are an impoverished person in general and you have to beg that butcher for the cheapest piece of meat or even for just bones the reader begins to understand and realize why poor, oppressed people revolt and riot. Also according to a widespread tale Baldwin mentions that a black soldier was trying to protect a little black girl when a white cop shot the soldier in the back. This tale magnifies the hate that exists between whites and blacks. Baldwin says, “The effect, in Harlem, of this particular legend was like the effect of a lit match in a tin of gasoline.” (Page 66) This rumor sparked enough chaos in order to riot and revolt against the horrific racial trespasses on blacks. The riots of Harlem and Detroit symbolize the racial atrocities present in Baldwin’s lifetime. How do you bring hope into your life in such a place? How are you supposed to sing your baby a lullaby in such a place of turmoil? Ghetto life was eating away at Baldwin’s entrails for too long. Baldwin’s father tries to instill this pre-conceived notion that white people as an ethnic group are evil and are trying to destroy black people from their rightful society. Baldwin never forgets what his father says; his father has an immense impact on his life. Baldwin explains the situation of black soldiers being drafted into World War II. Blacks fought for their country in segregated divisions. For a person to put his or her life on the line to fight and die for their country there should be no discrimination in doing so, for that is the ultimate sacrifice. Blacks in the 140’s were not seen as equals in America nor on the battlefields. Baldwin is writing about his lifetime which in the grand scheme of things is apart of U.S. history.
Baldwin’s father is a minister whom he never gets to know as a true loving parent. There are few instances where Baldwin can say his father did or said something well for him. His father complimented his brilliant choir boy voice in church, which brought much joy to his father. Baldwin says, “I remembered that he had always been grinning with pleasure when my solos ended.” (Page 64) Indeed his father was proud of his son at one point in his life. For the most part Baldwin’s father was cruel, separated, and hateful. Baldwin’s father drove his family farther and farther away from him. His father was so full of hatred that it consumed him like gangrene which is slow and demoralizing till the day he died. His father had nine children including James whom he could not afford to put food on the table for. How hard and demoralizing that must be to go through for any father. All that Baldwin has so strongly imprinted in his mind about his father is that he told him to never trust white people. Ultimately, his father’s hatred for whites destroys him and causes much anger in his son’s life. Baldwin’s father believes the white man is essentially evil and will do anything in his power to take advantage of the black man. The only white people that Baldwin’s father let into his home were bill collectors and welfare workers. Baldwin’s father is so frustrated with his life that he takes it out on his family.
Baldwin feels the rage that was learned, acquired and, passed down from his father, he let’s loose against his enemy in the fancy restaurant, white people. Baldwin says, “There was nothing on the table but an ordinary water-mug half full of water, and I picked this up and hurled it with all my strength at her. She ducked and it missed her and shattered against the mirror behind the bar.” (Page 58) The horror and real anger against whites that Baldwin possesses is clearly conveyed in this quote, he is fed up with them. His father’s “preaching’s” have finally come out, all that hatred pours out in the restaurant. He wants to show them how black he really is. Baldwin is sick of the white mans’ ignorance. He went so far as to try and choke the white waitress, he could not do so, so from a distance Baldwin threw a half-mug of water at her with the evil intention to do damage. Baldwin comes to the recognition that he was close to killing and being killed in this situation. Baldwin says, “I could not get over two facts, both equally difficult for the imagination to grasp, and one was that I could have been murdered. But the other was that I had been ready to commit murder.” (Page 5) His rage drives him to the brink of destruction. He can not live with all this hatred suppressed inside of him anymore. Baldwin comes to the realization that this hatred is almost inescapable for it has been instilled and apart of his ancestry, “I saw that this had been for my ancestors and now would be for me an awful thing to live with and that the bitterness which had helped to kill my father could also kill me.” (Page 54) He’s talking about the racism, slavery crisis and, poverty that he carries with him like a ball and chain.
When one of Baldwin’s white elementary teachers’ offers to pick him up for the purpose of education, Baldwin’s father says to himself what would this white female teacher want with his young black son? Baldwin says,
Also, since it was a schoolteacher, I imagine that my mother countered the idea of sin with the idea of “education,” which word, even with my father, carried a kind of bitter weight. (Page 55)
This teacher took Baldwin to see “real” plays and further educated him. Baldwin never read the bible because he was forced to read it. Baldwin’s father had been very stubborn and bitter with others. Baldwin’s father asked his son what interest this white female schoolteacher could have in him and in their house. Baldwin had been exposed to good white people but he is so poisoned by the ghetto life of Harlem and his father’s effect it is hard for him to reconcile, until his father’s death and funeral. Baldwin has a profound realization that he arrives at by the time his father has passed. He didn’t know his father until his eulogy. His father’s eulogy didn’t sound anything like the man he really was. Baldwin wishes that his father would’ve been around more so he could’ve had someone to talk to about the future. When his father is dying in the hospital Baldwin says to the reader, “I wanted to take his hand, to say something.” (Page 61) Baldwin is afraid to go and visit him in the hospital because he didn’t want see him dying, that’s the reality. Baldwin loved his father after all the pain he had caused himself and his family. He has sorrow for him when he is dying, laying there like “a little black monkey.” He realizes he had lost something in life and that was sharing time with his father while he was still alive and just talking to him, he never had that in his life nor would he ever have the chance to do so. Through his writing he in someway reconciles the lost relationship between father and son.
Mind that the sample papers like "Notes of a Native Son." presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
James Baldwin, a homosexual African American, the grandson of a slave focuses his writing on his “blackness” and environment (Harlem) in his essay, “Notes of a Native Son.” There are three things that affect Baldwin the most, his race, his prejudice riotous society and the reconciliation with his father that he experiences. The essay concentrates on three important sections or effects; Harlem as a prejudice society, Baldwin’s father’s funeral, and, Baldwin’s blackness and how he deals with his blackness. The funeral day of Baldwin’s father there was mass hysteria in Harlem. Baldwin says,
A few hours after my father’s funeral, while he lay in state in the undertaker’s chapel, a race riot broke out in Harlem. On the morning of the rd of August, we drove my father to the graveyard through a wilderness of smashed plate glass. (Page 5)
The smashed plate glass symbolizes the broken community and broken life that Baldwin’s father led. The tumultuous racial tensions in Harlem never ceased to die even with James Baldwin’s father who was a bitter man. Much like Baldwin’s father’s life his funeral is surrounded by what essentially was wrong with Harlem; the poverty and racial hatred. His father was a very sequestered man. He couldn’t live with white people because of the slavery issue; Baldwin’s grandfather was a slave from New Orleans. Not showing any love for your children caused much despair in the life of Baldwin’s father. There is a schism of love and hate inside his father. Baldwin says,
In my mind’s eye I could see him, sitting at the window, locked up in his terrors; hating and fearing every living soul including his children who had betrayed him, too, by reaching towards the world which had despised him. (Page 54)
This proves that Baldwin’s father was in fact mentally ill and bitter towards everyone and everything including his own family because he was so greatly affected by the poverty and enslavement of his ancestors.
Baldwin cannot escape the racism either. His father taught him how to hate and he knew hatred from his father before he experienced it himself. Baldwin writes so vividly,
She did not ask me what I wanted, but repeated, as though she had learned it somewhere, ‘We don’t serve Negroes here.’ She did not say it with the blunt, derisive hostility to which I had grown so accustomed, but, rather, with a note of apology in her voice, and fear. This made me colder and more murderous than ever. I felt I had to do something with my hands. I wanted her to come close enough for me to get her neck between my hands. (Page 58)
Baldwin, in this particular passage succumbs to his self-conscious demons. Baldwin writes a letter to his nephew James about not falling into this racial trap of hatred. Baldwin does not want James to make the mistakes that he himself had made in the past with whites and his father. For Baldwin never had the opportunity to talk with his father about the future, he regrets this with all of his heart. It was always so hard for him to talk with his father for their relationship “had got on badly.” White people oppress blacks from the Harlem ghetto by not serving them in certain “white” restaurants. This is why Baldwin is so upset with the white waitress in the fashionable restaurant. Baldwin’s upbringing (Harlem) and, the affects of his own father bestowed an immense amount of anger into his mind, body, and soul. Baldwin states, “The principle damage done during the riot of the summer of 14 was to white business establishments in Harlem.” (Page 66) Why to white business establishments? Those businesses had all the money. If you are an impoverished person in general and you have to beg that butcher for the cheapest piece of meat or even for just bones the reader begins to understand and realize why poor, oppressed people revolt and riot. Also according to a widespread tale Baldwin mentions that a black soldier was trying to protect a little black girl when a white cop shot the soldier in the back. This tale magnifies the hate that exists between whites and blacks. Baldwin says, “The effect, in Harlem, of this particular legend was like the effect of a lit match in a tin of gasoline.” (Page 66) This rumor sparked enough chaos in order to riot and revolt against the horrific racial trespasses on blacks. The riots of Harlem and Detroit symbolize the racial atrocities present in Baldwin’s lifetime. How do you bring hope into your life in such a place? How are you supposed to sing your baby a lullaby in such a place of turmoil? Ghetto life was eating away at Baldwin’s entrails for too long. Baldwin’s father tries to instill this pre-conceived notion that white people as an ethnic group are evil and are trying to destroy black people from their rightful society. Baldwin never forgets what his father says; his father has an immense impact on his life. Baldwin explains the situation of black soldiers being drafted into World War II. Blacks fought for their country in segregated divisions. For a person to put his or her life on the line to fight and die for their country there should be no discrimination in doing so, for that is the ultimate sacrifice. Blacks in the 140’s were not seen as equals in America nor on the battlefields. Baldwin is writing about his lifetime which in the grand scheme of things is apart of U.S. history.
Baldwin’s father is a minister whom he never gets to know as a true loving parent. There are few instances where Baldwin can say his father did or said something well for him. His father complimented his brilliant choir boy voice in church, which brought much joy to his father. Baldwin says, “I remembered that he had always been grinning with pleasure when my solos ended.” (Page 64) Indeed his father was proud of his son at one point in his life. For the most part Baldwin’s father was cruel, separated, and hateful. Baldwin’s father drove his family farther and farther away from him. His father was so full of hatred that it consumed him like gangrene which is slow and demoralizing till the day he died. His father had nine children including James whom he could not afford to put food on the table for. How hard and demoralizing that must be to go through for any father. All that Baldwin has so strongly imprinted in his mind about his father is that he told him to never trust white people. Ultimately, his father’s hatred for whites destroys him and causes much anger in his son’s life. Baldwin’s father believes the white man is essentially evil and will do anything in his power to take advantage of the black man. The only white people that Baldwin’s father let into his home were bill collectors and welfare workers. Baldwin’s father is so frustrated with his life that he takes it out on his family.
Baldwin feels the rage that was learned, acquired and, passed down from his father, he let’s loose against his enemy in the fancy restaurant, white people. Baldwin says, “There was nothing on the table but an ordinary water-mug half full of water, and I picked this up and hurled it with all my strength at her. She ducked and it missed her and shattered against the mirror behind the bar.” (Page 58) The horror and real anger against whites that Baldwin possesses is clearly conveyed in this quote, he is fed up with them. His father’s “preaching’s” have finally come out, all that hatred pours out in the restaurant. He wants to show them how black he really is. Baldwin is sick of the white mans’ ignorance. He went so far as to try and choke the white waitress, he could not do so, so from a distance Baldwin threw a half-mug of water at her with the evil intention to do damage. Baldwin comes to the recognition that he was close to killing and being killed in this situation. Baldwin says, “I could not get over two facts, both equally difficult for the imagination to grasp, and one was that I could have been murdered. But the other was that I had been ready to commit murder.” (Page 5) His rage drives him to the brink of destruction. He can not live with all this hatred suppressed inside of him anymore. Baldwin comes to the realization that this hatred is almost inescapable for it has been instilled and apart of his ancestry, “I saw that this had been for my ancestors and now would be for me an awful thing to live with and that the bitterness which had helped to kill my father could also kill me.” (Page 54) He’s talking about the racism, slavery crisis and, poverty that he carries with him like a ball and chain.
When one of Baldwin’s white elementary teachers’ offers to pick him up for the purpose of education, Baldwin’s father says to himself what would this white female teacher want with his young black son? Baldwin says,
Also, since it was a schoolteacher, I imagine that my mother countered the idea of sin with the idea of “education,” which word, even with my father, carried a kind of bitter weight. (Page 55)
This teacher took Baldwin to see “real” plays and further educated him. Baldwin never read the bible because he was forced to read it. Baldwin’s father had been very stubborn and bitter with others. Baldwin’s father asked his son what interest this white female schoolteacher could have in him and in their house. Baldwin had been exposed to good white people but he is so poisoned by the ghetto life of Harlem and his father’s effect it is hard for him to reconcile, until his father’s death and funeral. Baldwin has a profound realization that he arrives at by the time his father has passed. He didn’t know his father until his eulogy. His father’s eulogy didn’t sound anything like the man he really was. Baldwin wishes that his father would’ve been around more so he could’ve had someone to talk to about the future. When his father is dying in the hospital Baldwin says to the reader, “I wanted to take his hand, to say something.” (Page 61) Baldwin is afraid to go and visit him in the hospital because he didn’t want see him dying, that’s the reality. Baldwin loved his father after all the pain he had caused himself and his family. He has sorrow for him when he is dying, laying there like “a little black monkey.” He realizes he had lost something in life and that was sharing time with his father while he was still alive and just talking to him, he never had that in his life nor would he ever have the chance to do so. Through his writing he in someway reconciles the lost relationship between father and son.
Mind that the sample papers like "Notes of a Native Son." presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, July 31, 2012
xin
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like xin even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like xin in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The original Phillips curve paper covered business cycles from 1861 to 157. Given that this period predates most of the debate between the monetarists and Keynesians as well as the modern era where central bank policy has GDP stabilization as a goal, it is not entirely surprising that fitting the post-157 data has proven more complicated. In fact, the Phillips curve is one of those cases where belief in an economic idea is so appealing that it survives despite contradictory factual evidence. In some views, when the data does not fit a single Phillips curve, that is simply evidence that the curve has shifted. After looking at the data to the left, you can form your own opinion.
The original Phillips curve paper covered business cycles from 1861 to 157. Given that this period predates most of the debate between the monetarists and Keynesians as well as the modern era where central bank policy has GDP stabilization as a goal, it is not entirely surprising that fitting the post-157 data has proven more complicated. In fact, the Phillips curve is one of those cases where belief in an economic idea is so appealing that it survives despite contradictory factual evidence. In some views, when the data does not fit a single Phillips curve, that is simply evidence that the curve has shifted. After looking at the data to the left, you can form your own opinion.The way your question is worded ¡°Is it possible to have uninflationary employment-generating growth? and if ever, is it a sustainable condition?¡± makes me suspect youve gbeen taught growth causes inflation. That is abolsutely not true.
The short answer yes it is possible and it happens all the time. Growth does not cause inflation. Inflation causes inflationary growth. Increased productivity causes real growth. But since both forms of growth occur simutaneously and are measured as increased demand and higher prices it is difficult for the FED (or anyone else) to distinguish between the two as they happen and sometimes for years to come.
Growth does not cause inflation (in fact growth tends to cure inflation but the wording and mechanism are tricky).
Prices increase for many reasons but not all price increases are inflation. By definition price increases caused by an ¡°excess¡± money supply are inflationary price increases, or as Milton Friedman once put it ¡°all inflation is monetary all the time and everywhere,¡± (that¡¯s an approximate quote).
Inflationary growth Economists measure the economy as the GDP and the GDP is spending. Imagine that you are an engineer and out of every paycheck you put $00 into a money market account (which is where much of the money in checking accounts winds up). Now imagine that an ¡°excess¡± in money market account balances across America causes your bank to lower the interest rate you¡¯re getting. Remember this is a temporary excess and not one that ¡°should¡± have happened. Upset at the lower interest rate you withdraw most of your account and spend the money on a new computer. That increase in demand for computers is repeated all across America driving up the number of computers sold, the number of people working in the computer sales industry and the price of computers. BTW prices are also increasing across a whole spectrum of goods and services in the same fashion and your REAL take-home pay becomes lower as a result. VIOLA ¡°excess¡± money supply caused growth and commensurate price increases inflation.
But since so many people withdrew money from their checking accounts the money supply returned to normal, interest rates are raised again. You regret buying the computer, you certainly don¡¯t buy another one next month, prices drop and unemployment follows. VIOLA a monetary (inflationary) trade cycle. Boom to bust.
Real (non-inflationary) Growth Now imagine that instead, you become a better engineer, or perhaps your company becomes a better company, or taxes are lowered, or perhaps technology improves. Whatever the cause, it is a REAL improvement in your productivity and you get a pay increase. Similar improvements, slowly over time happen throughout the economy. You use your pay increase to buy a computer and so do thousands like you. Now there is new demand for computers, higher prices for computers and more employment in the computer sales
Mind that the sample papers like xin presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The original Phillips curve paper covered business cycles from 1861 to 157. Given that this period predates most of the debate between the monetarists and Keynesians as well as the modern era where central bank policy has GDP stabilization as a goal, it is not entirely surprising that fitting the post-157 data has proven more complicated. In fact, the Phillips curve is one of those cases where belief in an economic idea is so appealing that it survives despite contradictory factual evidence. In some views, when the data does not fit a single Phillips curve, that is simply evidence that the curve has shifted. After looking at the data to the left, you can form your own opinion.
The original Phillips curve paper covered business cycles from 1861 to 157. Given that this period predates most of the debate between the monetarists and Keynesians as well as the modern era where central bank policy has GDP stabilization as a goal, it is not entirely surprising that fitting the post-157 data has proven more complicated. In fact, the Phillips curve is one of those cases where belief in an economic idea is so appealing that it survives despite contradictory factual evidence. In some views, when the data does not fit a single Phillips curve, that is simply evidence that the curve has shifted. After looking at the data to the left, you can form your own opinion.The way your question is worded ¡°Is it possible to have uninflationary employment-generating growth? and if ever, is it a sustainable condition?¡± makes me suspect youve gbeen taught growth causes inflation. That is abolsutely not true.
The short answer yes it is possible and it happens all the time. Growth does not cause inflation. Inflation causes inflationary growth. Increased productivity causes real growth. But since both forms of growth occur simutaneously and are measured as increased demand and higher prices it is difficult for the FED (or anyone else) to distinguish between the two as they happen and sometimes for years to come.
Growth does not cause inflation (in fact growth tends to cure inflation but the wording and mechanism are tricky).
Prices increase for many reasons but not all price increases are inflation. By definition price increases caused by an ¡°excess¡± money supply are inflationary price increases, or as Milton Friedman once put it ¡°all inflation is monetary all the time and everywhere,¡± (that¡¯s an approximate quote).
Inflationary growth Economists measure the economy as the GDP and the GDP is spending. Imagine that you are an engineer and out of every paycheck you put $00 into a money market account (which is where much of the money in checking accounts winds up). Now imagine that an ¡°excess¡± in money market account balances across America causes your bank to lower the interest rate you¡¯re getting. Remember this is a temporary excess and not one that ¡°should¡± have happened. Upset at the lower interest rate you withdraw most of your account and spend the money on a new computer. That increase in demand for computers is repeated all across America driving up the number of computers sold, the number of people working in the computer sales industry and the price of computers. BTW prices are also increasing across a whole spectrum of goods and services in the same fashion and your REAL take-home pay becomes lower as a result. VIOLA ¡°excess¡± money supply caused growth and commensurate price increases inflation.
But since so many people withdrew money from their checking accounts the money supply returned to normal, interest rates are raised again. You regret buying the computer, you certainly don¡¯t buy another one next month, prices drop and unemployment follows. VIOLA a monetary (inflationary) trade cycle. Boom to bust.
Real (non-inflationary) Growth Now imagine that instead, you become a better engineer, or perhaps your company becomes a better company, or taxes are lowered, or perhaps technology improves. Whatever the cause, it is a REAL improvement in your productivity and you get a pay increase. Similar improvements, slowly over time happen throughout the economy. You use your pay increase to buy a computer and so do thousands like you. Now there is new demand for computers, higher prices for computers and more employment in the computer sales
Mind that the sample papers like xin presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Saturday, July 28, 2012
Fitting In
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Fitting In even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Fitting In in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
As, a child I was overweight, and as a result I was criticized by my fellow pears. However, this wasn’t the kind of criticism that would enable me to go in to a state of an emotional break down. I would laugh, depending on how light the remark would be, or I would show anger through verbal rage if I was embarrassed in front of a group of people, while this person would make the remark. This person could be one of family, friends or even enemies that would engage in these remarks as I was growing up as a child. I also was born bow-legged, which is normal in many births. However, I didn’t notice it until other people noticed it in my elementary days of life. As a result, I would be mocked, and questioned of my walk. The mockery I experience caused me to display anger when mocked, and questioned if I was a ‘normal’ kid, because of the way I walked. Even though my anger has become minimal, and my emotions declined, the experiences I went through as a child has mad me become sensitive to negative criticism. The sensitivity in most situations, whether it’ll be at home, school, or church, is still present inside, when engaged. Depending on the situation, people who are closest to me see this characteristic the most.
According to the Learning perspective, the environment and the experience I went through had an impact on my actions. When I was young, I was never taught to physically or verbally fight back at anyone who put me down. Therefore, when growing up, I took all the criticism in. By letting it all in meant that my emotions and my anger just accumulated until I no longer accepted it. That’s when I entered the state of offense � attacking anyone who tries to enter my territory the wrong way. To break down my experience in steps it would be as follows my personality, coping with others, reaction. According to Dr. Kevin Leman, I fitted under the category of Melancholies. I am a person who wants to do things the right way. I put a lot of emotional energy into getting something done correctly. I have a strong emotional attachment to stability, and my need of getting something done right often translates into a need for space, silence, and sensitivity. I am respectful, sensitive, and interpersonal. To think of all these characteristics, I would have been one of those kids who fitted in � and I did! But as the years progressed in elementary school, the critical marks had a big impact on me. The remarks made me more sensitive, and more bitter to people, and especially self-conscious. In the learning perspective, the psychologists would have assessed me through a variety of conditioning. In a testing I would be put through operant conditioning to see how I respond under different circumstances. I believe I would be put through positive reinforcement. Therefore, I would be put through a reinforcing stimulus, such as a remark would help me to respond to the criticism I had. Therefore, when criticism would happen in the future, I would handle it in a different matter, enabling me to motivate myself, and be more confident about myself.
According to the Sociocultural perspective, social and cultural forces had an affect on my behavior. In the social perspective, my peers, my family who I affiliated with influenced my behavior. Depending on who I associated with at different times, I would receive different remarks. This can account for the social perspective of this theory � my behavior was altered due to the different kind of characteristics by people I affiliated with. I had no problem with people who accepted me for who I was. However, when I started to get negative remarks based on my appearance, it lowered my self esteem; therefore, I developed a degree of sensitive to any critical remark. My family also had an affect on my behavior. My siblings who displayed love - however at times that we argued, remarks about my weight, or appearance would be brought up, out of anger that is. Even though I knew it wasn’t said on purpose, I absorbed it, and those remarks were accumulated and embedded in my mind. My mother and father were encouraging as usual, but at times my father would encourage me to lose weight � bluntly. This also affected me, and made me more sensitive to remarks based on my appearance. According to the social part of this perspective, I went through a lot of dispositional attribution because my actions were influenced by those around me. In a cultural point a view, the way I reacted to criticism is probably due to how I was raised by my parents. If this is the case, then my parents did not motivate me enough to stand up against others, believe in myself when criticized, and most importantly disregard the critical remarks and proceed in life. According to Dr. Kevin Leman, the little boy I use to be, I still am. That is partially true � I still have the sensitivities to remarks, but my characteristics as a whole individual has changed due to maturity.
I really don’t agree with the interpretations that I have just met according to perspectives. They are just theories, they are merely assumptions on my behaviors. I think the reason why my childhood experience went the way it did is because I allowed it to. I control my actions and my reactions to remarks; therefore if I had controlled how I felt, and not allowed it to get to me so often, I would have been a stronger individual then and, today handling situations completely different. I believe that sitting on my past won’t allow me to proceed into the future. Certain characteristics and traits of mine can be controlled, thus, altering how I react to different situations. I believe as time goes on, I will have the ability to overcome sensitivity to remarks due to constant self motivation and open discussions with ones who I am close with.
Mind that the sample papers like Fitting In presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
As, a child I was overweight, and as a result I was criticized by my fellow pears. However, this wasn’t the kind of criticism that would enable me to go in to a state of an emotional break down. I would laugh, depending on how light the remark would be, or I would show anger through verbal rage if I was embarrassed in front of a group of people, while this person would make the remark. This person could be one of family, friends or even enemies that would engage in these remarks as I was growing up as a child. I also was born bow-legged, which is normal in many births. However, I didn’t notice it until other people noticed it in my elementary days of life. As a result, I would be mocked, and questioned of my walk. The mockery I experience caused me to display anger when mocked, and questioned if I was a ‘normal’ kid, because of the way I walked. Even though my anger has become minimal, and my emotions declined, the experiences I went through as a child has mad me become sensitive to negative criticism. The sensitivity in most situations, whether it’ll be at home, school, or church, is still present inside, when engaged. Depending on the situation, people who are closest to me see this characteristic the most.
According to the Learning perspective, the environment and the experience I went through had an impact on my actions. When I was young, I was never taught to physically or verbally fight back at anyone who put me down. Therefore, when growing up, I took all the criticism in. By letting it all in meant that my emotions and my anger just accumulated until I no longer accepted it. That’s when I entered the state of offense � attacking anyone who tries to enter my territory the wrong way. To break down my experience in steps it would be as follows my personality, coping with others, reaction. According to Dr. Kevin Leman, I fitted under the category of Melancholies. I am a person who wants to do things the right way. I put a lot of emotional energy into getting something done correctly. I have a strong emotional attachment to stability, and my need of getting something done right often translates into a need for space, silence, and sensitivity. I am respectful, sensitive, and interpersonal. To think of all these characteristics, I would have been one of those kids who fitted in � and I did! But as the years progressed in elementary school, the critical marks had a big impact on me. The remarks made me more sensitive, and more bitter to people, and especially self-conscious. In the learning perspective, the psychologists would have assessed me through a variety of conditioning. In a testing I would be put through operant conditioning to see how I respond under different circumstances. I believe I would be put through positive reinforcement. Therefore, I would be put through a reinforcing stimulus, such as a remark would help me to respond to the criticism I had. Therefore, when criticism would happen in the future, I would handle it in a different matter, enabling me to motivate myself, and be more confident about myself.
According to the Sociocultural perspective, social and cultural forces had an affect on my behavior. In the social perspective, my peers, my family who I affiliated with influenced my behavior. Depending on who I associated with at different times, I would receive different remarks. This can account for the social perspective of this theory � my behavior was altered due to the different kind of characteristics by people I affiliated with. I had no problem with people who accepted me for who I was. However, when I started to get negative remarks based on my appearance, it lowered my self esteem; therefore, I developed a degree of sensitive to any critical remark. My family also had an affect on my behavior. My siblings who displayed love - however at times that we argued, remarks about my weight, or appearance would be brought up, out of anger that is. Even though I knew it wasn’t said on purpose, I absorbed it, and those remarks were accumulated and embedded in my mind. My mother and father were encouraging as usual, but at times my father would encourage me to lose weight � bluntly. This also affected me, and made me more sensitive to remarks based on my appearance. According to the social part of this perspective, I went through a lot of dispositional attribution because my actions were influenced by those around me. In a cultural point a view, the way I reacted to criticism is probably due to how I was raised by my parents. If this is the case, then my parents did not motivate me enough to stand up against others, believe in myself when criticized, and most importantly disregard the critical remarks and proceed in life. According to Dr. Kevin Leman, the little boy I use to be, I still am. That is partially true � I still have the sensitivities to remarks, but my characteristics as a whole individual has changed due to maturity.
I really don’t agree with the interpretations that I have just met according to perspectives. They are just theories, they are merely assumptions on my behaviors. I think the reason why my childhood experience went the way it did is because I allowed it to. I control my actions and my reactions to remarks; therefore if I had controlled how I felt, and not allowed it to get to me so often, I would have been a stronger individual then and, today handling situations completely different. I believe that sitting on my past won’t allow me to proceed into the future. Certain characteristics and traits of mine can be controlled, thus, altering how I react to different situations. I believe as time goes on, I will have the ability to overcome sensitivity to remarks due to constant self motivation and open discussions with ones who I am close with.
Mind that the sample papers like Fitting In presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, July 24, 2012
ESSAY ON CLOSE TO THE BONE BY ROBERTA SEID
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like ESSAY ON CLOSE TO THE BONE BY ROBERTA SEID even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like ESSAY ON CLOSE TO THE BONE BY ROBERTA SEID in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
In her article Too ‘Close to the Bone’ The Historical Context for Women’s Obsession with Slenderness, Roberta Seid, a lecturer at the University of Southern California, examines what she calls the historical context, as well as the negative effects, of society’s ideal of slenderness. Seid main point in the article is that the current ideal body size of society is much too thin to be healthy. While Seid does have a well founded belief, her use of logical fallacies and a few extreme views may
In her article Too ‘Close to the Bone’ The Historical Context for Women’s Obsession with Slenderness, Roberta Seid, a lecturer at the University of Southern California, examines what she calls the historical context, as well as the negative effects, of society’s ideal of slenderness. Seid main point in the article is that the current ideal body size of society is much too thin to be healthy. While Seid does have a well founded belief, her use of logical fallacies and a few extreme views may
Views of sales leadership Leader member exchange sales manager interact with individual sales people rather than processing one style or set of behaviors to be use in standardize situations. One study found that the higher the quality of exchange relationship between sales person and sales manager, the greater the sales person’s goal commitment and ultimately performance. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP they provide intellectual simulation, often by showing the employees new ways of thinking or completing tasks. Another aspect of of transformational leadership is individualized consideration, through which employees are given personalize attention, it can also influence sales people to perform avobe and beyond the call duty. BEHAVIORAL SALES MANAGEMENT involves self imposed planning, behavior, evaluation, rewards, and punishment. The advantages are many people works without constant supervision, so self-control and self dicipline are important for success. Second, individuals usually work more enthusiastically when they have had significant input into planning and prioritizing their work
Mind that the sample papers like ESSAY ON CLOSE TO THE BONE BY ROBERTA SEID presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
In her article Too ‘Close to the Bone’ The Historical Context for Women’s Obsession with Slenderness, Roberta Seid, a lecturer at the University of Southern California, examines what she calls the historical context, as well as the negative effects, of society’s ideal of slenderness. Seid main point in the article is that the current ideal body size of society is much too thin to be healthy. While Seid does have a well founded belief, her use of logical fallacies and a few extreme views may
In her article Too ‘Close to the Bone’ The Historical Context for Women’s Obsession with Slenderness, Roberta Seid, a lecturer at the University of Southern California, examines what she calls the historical context, as well as the negative effects, of society’s ideal of slenderness. Seid main point in the article is that the current ideal body size of society is much too thin to be healthy. While Seid does have a well founded belief, her use of logical fallacies and a few extreme views may
Views of sales leadership Leader member exchange sales manager interact with individual sales people rather than processing one style or set of behaviors to be use in standardize situations. One study found that the higher the quality of exchange relationship between sales person and sales manager, the greater the sales person’s goal commitment and ultimately performance. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP they provide intellectual simulation, often by showing the employees new ways of thinking or completing tasks. Another aspect of of transformational leadership is individualized consideration, through which employees are given personalize attention, it can also influence sales people to perform avobe and beyond the call duty. BEHAVIORAL SALES MANAGEMENT involves self imposed planning, behavior, evaluation, rewards, and punishment. The advantages are many people works without constant supervision, so self-control and self dicipline are important for success. Second, individuals usually work more enthusiastically when they have had significant input into planning and prioritizing their work
Mind that the sample papers like ESSAY ON CLOSE TO THE BONE BY ROBERTA SEID presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, July 12, 2012
nantucket nectars
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Dear Tom Scott & Tom First,
I understand that you want to raise capital in order to expand Nantucket Nectars, but are currently having difficulty trying to decide whether and where to sell part of the company, sell all of the company, take the company public, or operate as a stand alone company. I suggest that it would be best if you sell part of the company to Ocean Spray, and at the same time, negotiate a reasonable contract with Starbucks to carry the Nantucket Nectar Product in all of its stores.
I asked myself many times, ¡°Why is Nantucket Nectars successful?¡± Out of the many factors that contributed to the company¡¯s success, great tasting product and memorable storyline was the most important. While the current market is flooded with many different fruit juices, I believe consumers choose to purchase Nantucket Nectar products mainly for their all natural high quality and the intimate feeling they get when buying the product. Moreover, I feel that the firm has a strong internal culture that allows it to be more innovative, and a corporate value that is very unique. I strongly recommend that you do not lose these two valuable brand personalities, culture, and corporate value as you expand in the future.
In order for Nantucket Nectars to maintain growth without drastically changing, you should definitely continue to run the company while selling part of the company to a firm that has similar values and corporate culture. I believe Ocean Spray will be a good match in this perspective because it has a similar culture, the management is familiar with Nantucket Nectars, and it is privately owned. Also, Ocean Spray being the world¡¯s largest purchaser of non-orange fruit juice, would be able to sufficiently fund Nantucket Nectars expansion, support secured national manufacturing and distribution, and maintain the high quality of the products. Moreover, Ocean Spray¡¯s strong power on the grocery shelves in the Northeast matches Nantucket Nectar¡¯s business perfectly, because Nantucket Nectars was looking forward to market its products through the supermarket channel in which it has a tremendous upside.
However, you should not forget the growth potential the firm has in the mid-west, west, and international market. In order to realize the potential geographic growth opportunities, I advise you to successfully negotiate a reasonable contract with Starbucks to carry Nantucket Nectar products in all of its stores. Starbucks is a fast growing multinational corporation with great market influence and advertising abilities, and will be a great platform to market Nantucket Nectar products not only in areas with potential growth opportunities, but in areas worldwide.
Mind that the sample papers like nantucket nectars presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Dear Tom Scott & Tom First,
I understand that you want to raise capital in order to expand Nantucket Nectars, but are currently having difficulty trying to decide whether and where to sell part of the company, sell all of the company, take the company public, or operate as a stand alone company. I suggest that it would be best if you sell part of the company to Ocean Spray, and at the same time, negotiate a reasonable contract with Starbucks to carry the Nantucket Nectar Product in all of its stores.
I asked myself many times, ¡°Why is Nantucket Nectars successful?¡± Out of the many factors that contributed to the company¡¯s success, great tasting product and memorable storyline was the most important. While the current market is flooded with many different fruit juices, I believe consumers choose to purchase Nantucket Nectar products mainly for their all natural high quality and the intimate feeling they get when buying the product. Moreover, I feel that the firm has a strong internal culture that allows it to be more innovative, and a corporate value that is very unique. I strongly recommend that you do not lose these two valuable brand personalities, culture, and corporate value as you expand in the future.
In order for Nantucket Nectars to maintain growth without drastically changing, you should definitely continue to run the company while selling part of the company to a firm that has similar values and corporate culture. I believe Ocean Spray will be a good match in this perspective because it has a similar culture, the management is familiar with Nantucket Nectars, and it is privately owned. Also, Ocean Spray being the world¡¯s largest purchaser of non-orange fruit juice, would be able to sufficiently fund Nantucket Nectars expansion, support secured national manufacturing and distribution, and maintain the high quality of the products. Moreover, Ocean Spray¡¯s strong power on the grocery shelves in the Northeast matches Nantucket Nectar¡¯s business perfectly, because Nantucket Nectars was looking forward to market its products through the supermarket channel in which it has a tremendous upside.
However, you should not forget the growth potential the firm has in the mid-west, west, and international market. In order to realize the potential geographic growth opportunities, I advise you to successfully negotiate a reasonable contract with Starbucks to carry Nantucket Nectar products in all of its stores. Starbucks is a fast growing multinational corporation with great market influence and advertising abilities, and will be a great platform to market Nantucket Nectar products not only in areas with potential growth opportunities, but in areas worldwide.
Mind that the sample papers like nantucket nectars presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Law Brief: Ausley v. Bishop
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Law Brief: Ausley v. Bishop even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Law Brief: Ausley v. Bishop in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Ausley v. Bishop
FACTS In November 14, Bryan Bishop began working for Andrew Ausley as an apprentice to gain his appraiser’s license. After getting his license in April 17, Ausley wanted to Bishop to sign a new employment contract that included less pay than before. After Bishop refused and decided to open his own office, Ausley told other people that Bishop was unethical and had even stolen files from Ausley’s office. Ausley filed suit that Bishop breached contract and was granted a summary judgment. Bishop appealed the judgment and filed a counterclaim charging Ausley with slander.
ISSUE Whether or not the trial court should have granted Ausley a summary judgement?
LAW A motion for summary judgment may be filed after the complaint, answer and any other pleading have been filed. A summary for judgment is that the party making the motion may support it with sworn statements and other materials. It will be granted only if, when the evidence is views in the light most favorable to the other party, it is clear that there are no factual disputes in contention.
RATIONALE The plaintiff admitted to telling several people that the defendant had committed unethical acts. Since, the defendant is trying to start his own business the statements made by the plaintiff can cause potential harm. The plaintiff also admits that previous charges of by the defendant were dropped.
HOLDING The Court of Appeals of North Carolina held that Bishop had enough proof of his claim for it to go to trial. The court reversed the lower court’s grant of summary judgment and sent the case to trial.
Mind that the sample papers like Law Brief: Ausley v. Bishop presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Ausley v. Bishop
FACTS In November 14, Bryan Bishop began working for Andrew Ausley as an apprentice to gain his appraiser’s license. After getting his license in April 17, Ausley wanted to Bishop to sign a new employment contract that included less pay than before. After Bishop refused and decided to open his own office, Ausley told other people that Bishop was unethical and had even stolen files from Ausley’s office. Ausley filed suit that Bishop breached contract and was granted a summary judgment. Bishop appealed the judgment and filed a counterclaim charging Ausley with slander.
ISSUE Whether or not the trial court should have granted Ausley a summary judgement?
LAW A motion for summary judgment may be filed after the complaint, answer and any other pleading have been filed. A summary for judgment is that the party making the motion may support it with sworn statements and other materials. It will be granted only if, when the evidence is views in the light most favorable to the other party, it is clear that there are no factual disputes in contention.
RATIONALE The plaintiff admitted to telling several people that the defendant had committed unethical acts. Since, the defendant is trying to start his own business the statements made by the plaintiff can cause potential harm. The plaintiff also admits that previous charges of by the defendant were dropped.
HOLDING The Court of Appeals of North Carolina held that Bishop had enough proof of his claim for it to go to trial. The court reversed the lower court’s grant of summary judgment and sent the case to trial.
Mind that the sample papers like Law Brief: Ausley v. Bishop presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, June 5, 2012
Rates of reactions between HCL and magnesium ribbon
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Rates of reactions between HCL and magnesium ribbon even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Rates of reactions between HCL and magnesium ribbon in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Rates of reactions between HCL and magnesium ribbon
Aim
I plan to investigate the effect of concentration of acid, in the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon. The rate of a chemical reaction is a measure of how fast the reaction takes place. It is important to know that a rapid reaction is completed in a short period of time. Some reactions are very fast, for example; the formation of silver chloride precipitates when silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid solutions are mixed. In this investigation I will test different concentrations of acid reacting with magnesium.
/Plan
To investigate what effect concentration of sodium thiosulphate has on the rate of reaction. The volume of HCL needs to be kept at 10cm constantly each time. Start with 60cm of sodium thiosulphate. Last reaction will have only 10cm of sodium thiosulphate.
Reactions will be completed when the x disappears, for the timing to stop. Three reactions will be made for each test; this is done to gain the different averages.
Introduction
I will be conducting an experiment on the rate of reaction for my GCSE coursework. I will be doing this coursework for a period of two weeks. We will be reacting sodium thiosulphate with hydrochloric acid. I will be investigating the effects had on rate of reaction.
When sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric are mixed, a yellow precept of sulphur is produced. The solution becomes increasingly difficult to see through as more and more sulphur is formed.
Prediction
My prediction is that as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases, the time taken for the magnesium to disappear decreases. I predict that when the concentration of the hydrochloric acid doubles, the rate of the reaction doubles.
Background Knowledge
Rate is a measure of how fast or slow something is. For example, Silver Chloride precipitating (this is a very fast reaction) and Concrete setting (it may take a couple of days for concrete to harden). Rate is a measure of the change that happens in a single unit of time. Any suitable unit of time can be used - a second, a minute, an hour and even a day.
To find the rate of reaction, you should measure The amount of reactant used up per unit of time or the amount of a product produced per unit of time.
We are going to do an experiment on the rate of reaction. We are using acid and magnesium strips to test the rate of reaction.
Rates of reaction can be varied by a number of factors
? The concentration of the acid in which the magnesium is placed,
? The temperature of the acid and
? The size of the surface area of the magnesium strip.
Why rate changes with concentration If the concentration of the acid is increased, the reaction goes faster.
1
- Acid Particle
- Water Molecule
- Magnesium Atoms
1. In dilute acid, there are not so many acid particles. This means there is not much chance of an acid particle hitting a magnesium atom.
. Here the acid is more concentrated - there are more acid particles in it. There is now more chance of a successful collision occurring.
The more successful collisions there are the faster the reaction.
This idea also explains why the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid slows down as time goes on
1
- Acid Particle
- Water Molecule
- Magnesium Atoms
1. At the start, there are plenty of magnesium atoms and acid particles. But they get used up during successful collisions.
. After a time, there are fewer magnesium atoms, and the acid is less concentrated. So the reaction slows down.
Why rate changes with the temperature At low temperatures particles of reacting substances do not have much energy. However, when the substances are heated, the particles take in energy. This causes them to move faster and collide more often. The collisions have more energy, so more of them are successful. Therefore the rate of reaction increases.
Why rate increases with surface area The reaction between the magnesium and acid is much faster when the metal is powdered
1
- Acid Particle
- Water Molecule
- Magnesium Atoms
1. Acid particles can collide only with magnesium atoms on the outside of the metal.
. When the metal is powdered, many more atoms are exposed. So there is a greater chance of successful collisions.
For my experiment my independent variable will be the concentration of the acid. I chose this as my independent variable as I feel this is the safest and easiest way to carry out the experiment. If I was to choose the temperature of the acid as my independent variable, and if I were to heat the acid too much it may boil and produce a corrosive gas, which would life threatening. It would be difficult to work out an accurate reading of the surface area if I was to choose the surface area as my independent variable.
Linking prediction to theory
Reaction rate and concentration.
The collision theory describes how the rate of reaction increases (the time taken for the magnesium ribbon to disappear when it is reacted with hydrochloric acid) when the concentration of HCL increases. As the reaction continues, the concentration of the reacting substances decreases and so does the rate of reaction. The reaction is speeded up if the number of collisions is increased. The higher the concentration of HCL you use, the less time it takes for the magnesium to disappear and so the rate reaction increases. If the activation energy is high only a small amount of particles will have enough energy to react so the reaction rate would be very small, however the activation energy is very low the number of particles with that amount of energy would be so high, so start, so the reaction rate would be higher.
Apparatus
Hydrochloric acid( mole)
Water(to dilute acid)
10ml testube
magnesium(cm long)
stop clock(sensitivity 1/10s)
beaker
In order to conduct any type of experiment, you need equipment. The equipment I used was a
Measuring Cylinder
Small measuring cylinder
Flask
beakers
Pad (marked with black cross) white cross
Timer
Method
To get the amount of magnesium and the amount of hydrochloric acid to use in the situation, we have to use an excess of acid so that all of the magnesium disappears.
An equation for the reaction
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen
Mg(s) + HCL(aq)Mgcl(aq) + H(g)
1mole moles 1mole 1mole
So we can say that one mole of magnesium reacts with moles of hydrochloric acid. Throughout the experiment, we diluted the acid solution using water, as we did this the concentration of the acid decreased. Then 8ml of acid and ml of water solution on the magnesium, measured time taken for magnesium to disappear using stop clock. Then 7ml of acid and ml of acid, repeated as above. This way the rate of reaction(the time taken for the magnesium to disappear) was measured accurately for a fair test.
Results
The results for the time taken for magnesium to disappear when it is placed in different concentrations of acid are summarised below.
Analysis of results
From the results in the table and the graph we can see a steady increase in the rate of reaction as the concentration of the acid decreases. This complies with my prediction. The graph shows that there is an increase in the rate of reaction as the concentration increases because the graph has its largest gradient or it is steepest at this point. When the graph was made into 1/time the result should have been a straight line graph but it did not turn out this way even though concentration~1/time. This 1/time graph could be wrong because of inaccurate results so there seems to be no relationship between the concentration graph and the 1/time graph. We can see from the rate of reaction graph that when the concentration roughly doubles from (1.8 moles to moles) the rate of the reaction doubles (from 5 to 60 seconds). Also we can see that as the reaction continues the concentration of the reactants decrease and so does the rate of the reaction as we can see the decreasing gradient on the graph steadily falling and coming to a stop when the reaction is complete and the magnesium has completely disappeared.
Conclusion
I can conclude that if you double the concentration of the acid the reaction rate would also double, this is because the ions are closer together in a concentrated solution. The closer together they are, the more often the ions collide. The more often they collide, the higher the chance of a reaction between the magnesium and the hydrochloric acid. Also because there are more particles in the solution which would increase the likelihood that they would hit the magnesium so the reaction rate would increase. The graph gives us a good device to prove that if you double the concentration the rate of reaction doubles. If you increase the number of particles in the solution it is more likely that they will collide more often. In the reaction, when the magnesium hit the acid, it fizzed and produced many bubbles it was silver in colour (which is one of magnesiums physical properties silvery
white metallic element), the activation energy of a particle gets higher with heat, the particles which have to have the activation energy are those particles which are moving, in the case of magnesium and hydrochloric acid, it is the hydrochloric acid particles which have to have the activation energy because they are the ones that are moving and bombarding the magnesium particles to produce magnesium chloride. The graph for 1/time had the form of an s curve and it did have some relationship with the other graph.
Conclusion
The experiments made were very successful and we had managed to complete the experiment fully and fairly.
The fastest reaction made was with no water, 60 cm of sodium this sulphate and 10 cm acid. This reaction is very fast with a time average of 44.1 seconds. The slowest reaction made was with 50 cm of water, 10 cm of sodium thiosulphate and 10-cm acid. This reaction was very slow with a time of 4,4.5 minutes in average. But this average time has mainly been made with the one anomalous result in a certain reaction. The reaction was stopped at 61.46, but the reaction was still not finished. It seemed that the chemicals in the flask had only reacted halfway, then it just stopped reacting.
Evaluation
There are many reasons why our results for the 1/time graph did not prove the point that concentration~1/time, such as
1. When the reaction takes place bubbles of H are given off, which might stay around the magnesium, which therefore reduces the surface area of the magnesium and so the acid cannot react properly so this affects the results.
. We could have controlled factors in the investigation better (e.g. the stirring of the solution because if this is not done properly it can lead to incorrect results).
. Using larger concentrations of acid would give a bigger more accurate conclusion instead of just using 10ml test tubes use 1litre test tubes, this way graphs would be more spaced out and give an accurate form or curve.
Interpretation and Evaluation
In this experiment I found out that many different factors including; Concentration, Temperature and Surface Area affect the rate of reaction. For the experiment I found out that the higher the concentration of the acid the quicker it takes to dissolve the magnesium. I know this because the more acid molecules that is in the beaker there is more chance of a successful collision to take place. Another factor that I learned is that the rate is constantly changing during the reaction because as time goes on there are fewer acid molecules. There are fewer acid molecules because when the acid reacts the same particle cannot react again, so there are less to end with than there are to start with. As time goes on the number of acid particle decrease so there is less chance of a successful reaction to take place.
Before I started the experiment I made up a prediction. I predicted that the more concentrated the acid solution the faster the magnesium and hydrochloric acid will react. I thought that this would happen because when there are more acid particles in the test tube the more chance there is of a successful collision. I was right in my prediction but I did not predict that the rate of reaction slows down as time goes on which did happen in my experiment.
Improvements
The experiments were handled fairly but it could have been even more fair. Because The reaction was finished when the black cross on the pad dissapeared and this is only seen by the naked eye. With the whole class doing this with different eye types, there is no exact fairness in the experiment.
Fairness in this issue can be found by using devices such as a light sensor. The light sensor will pass through the flask, of were an reaction is taking place to a reciever. When the light sensor can not reach the reciever, the timing will be stopped automatically. This will bring fairness to experiments to test all similar to rate of reaction.
Variables
INDEPENDANT VARIABLE My independent variable is the concentration of the acid.
CONTROLLED VARIABLE My controlled variables are the temperature of the acid, the size of the surface area of the magnesium, the volume of the acid/water solution and the length of the magnesium strip.
DEPENDANT VARIABLE My dependant variables are the volume of the magnesium and the mass of the magnesium.
Apparatus
Stop Clock - Water -
Acid - Test Tube rack -
Test Tube - Magnesium -
Ruler - Scissors -
Beaker - Measuring Cylinder -
Safety
Safety is a very important part of this experiment as we are working with a corrosive chemical that is very dangerous. When carrying out the experiment, be sure to wear safety goggles as we are working with acid. When measuring out the different concentrations of acid, be careful not to spill it onto your hands or clothing.
Method
To begin with, set up all the apparatus in a safe position. Then make up the different concentrations of acid. To do this, add a quantity of water to the acid.
Water (cm) Acid (cm) Molarity Total (cm)
0 5 1 5
5 0 0.8 5
10 15 0.6 5
15 10 0.4 5
0 5 0. 5
Pour 5cm of each molarity of acid into a test tube. Then drop in a cm strip of magnesium. As soon as the magnesium strip drops, start the stop clock. When the magnesium is no longer visible, stop the stop clock and record the time. When the magnesium strip is dropped in a gas appears and it gives off a hissing noise. We can work out the name of this gas by solving a simple equation
Hydrogen Chloride + Magnesium = Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen
HCL + Mg = MgCL + H
Or collect this gas and test it with the POP� test to identify it as Hydrogen.
Do this with each of the different molarities and repeat this again at least two more times to ensure that an accurate result is achieved.
BOILING TUBE
ACID OF DIFFERENT
MOLARITIES
MAGNESIUM
STRIP (CM)
BOILING TUBE
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
(THE MAGNESIUM HAS REACTED
WITH THE ACID AND HAS
DISSAPPEARED)
I will record the results in a table under the following headings
Molarity Volume (cm) Size of
Magnesium (cm) Time Taken
(sec) Rate of Reaction
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.
I will record the results in a graph under the following headings
T
I
M
E
(S
E
C)
MOLARITY OF SOLUTION
Prediction
I predict that the more concentrated the acid solution the faster the magnesium and hydrochloric acid will react. I think that this will happen because when there are more acid particles in the test tube the more chance there is of a successful collision
1
- Acid Particle
- Water Molecule
- Magnesium Atoms
1. The particles in the liquid move around continually. Here an acid particle is about to collide with a magnesium atom.
. If the collision has enough energy, reaction takes place. Magnesium chloride and hydrogen are formed.
. If the collision does not have enough energy, no reaction occurs. The acid particle bounces away again.
Results
1st results;
Molarity Volume (cm) Size of
Magnesium (cm) Time Taken
(sec) Rate of Reaction
1 5 5
0.8 5 6
0.6 5 11
0.4 5 516
0. 5 117
nd results;
Molarity Volume (cm) Size of
Magnesium (cm) Time Taken
(sec) Rate of Reaction
1 5 4
0.8 5 40
0.6 5 6
0.4 5 67
0. 5 NO TIME
rd results;
Molarity Volume (cm) Size of
Magnesium (cm) Time Taken
(sec) Rate of Reaction
1 5 6
0.8 5 8
0.6 5 61
0.4 5
0. 5 NO TIME
In some of the tests we had no time to complete them.
I also made a table for my average results;
Molarity Volume (cm) Size of
Magnesium (cm) Time Taken
(sec) Rate of Reaction
1 5 5
0.8 5 8
0.6 5 85
0.4 5 8
0. 5 117
I only recorded this result once because we had only enough time to test it once.
Mind that the sample papers like Rates of reactions between HCL and magnesium ribbon presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Rates of reactions between HCL and magnesium ribbon
Aim
I plan to investigate the effect of concentration of acid, in the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon. The rate of a chemical reaction is a measure of how fast the reaction takes place. It is important to know that a rapid reaction is completed in a short period of time. Some reactions are very fast, for example; the formation of silver chloride precipitates when silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid solutions are mixed. In this investigation I will test different concentrations of acid reacting with magnesium.
/Plan
To investigate what effect concentration of sodium thiosulphate has on the rate of reaction. The volume of HCL needs to be kept at 10cm constantly each time. Start with 60cm of sodium thiosulphate. Last reaction will have only 10cm of sodium thiosulphate.
Reactions will be completed when the x disappears, for the timing to stop. Three reactions will be made for each test; this is done to gain the different averages.
Introduction
I will be conducting an experiment on the rate of reaction for my GCSE coursework. I will be doing this coursework for a period of two weeks. We will be reacting sodium thiosulphate with hydrochloric acid. I will be investigating the effects had on rate of reaction.
When sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric are mixed, a yellow precept of sulphur is produced. The solution becomes increasingly difficult to see through as more and more sulphur is formed.
Prediction
My prediction is that as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases, the time taken for the magnesium to disappear decreases. I predict that when the concentration of the hydrochloric acid doubles, the rate of the reaction doubles.
Background Knowledge
Rate is a measure of how fast or slow something is. For example, Silver Chloride precipitating (this is a very fast reaction) and Concrete setting (it may take a couple of days for concrete to harden). Rate is a measure of the change that happens in a single unit of time. Any suitable unit of time can be used - a second, a minute, an hour and even a day.
To find the rate of reaction, you should measure The amount of reactant used up per unit of time or the amount of a product produced per unit of time.
We are going to do an experiment on the rate of reaction. We are using acid and magnesium strips to test the rate of reaction.
Rates of reaction can be varied by a number of factors
? The concentration of the acid in which the magnesium is placed,
? The temperature of the acid and
? The size of the surface area of the magnesium strip.
Why rate changes with concentration If the concentration of the acid is increased, the reaction goes faster.
1
- Acid Particle
- Water Molecule
- Magnesium Atoms
1. In dilute acid, there are not so many acid particles. This means there is not much chance of an acid particle hitting a magnesium atom.
. Here the acid is more concentrated - there are more acid particles in it. There is now more chance of a successful collision occurring.
The more successful collisions there are the faster the reaction.
This idea also explains why the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid slows down as time goes on
1
- Acid Particle
- Water Molecule
- Magnesium Atoms
1. At the start, there are plenty of magnesium atoms and acid particles. But they get used up during successful collisions.
. After a time, there are fewer magnesium atoms, and the acid is less concentrated. So the reaction slows down.
Why rate changes with the temperature At low temperatures particles of reacting substances do not have much energy. However, when the substances are heated, the particles take in energy. This causes them to move faster and collide more often. The collisions have more energy, so more of them are successful. Therefore the rate of reaction increases.
Why rate increases with surface area The reaction between the magnesium and acid is much faster when the metal is powdered
1
- Acid Particle
- Water Molecule
- Magnesium Atoms
1. Acid particles can collide only with magnesium atoms on the outside of the metal.
. When the metal is powdered, many more atoms are exposed. So there is a greater chance of successful collisions.
For my experiment my independent variable will be the concentration of the acid. I chose this as my independent variable as I feel this is the safest and easiest way to carry out the experiment. If I was to choose the temperature of the acid as my independent variable, and if I were to heat the acid too much it may boil and produce a corrosive gas, which would life threatening. It would be difficult to work out an accurate reading of the surface area if I was to choose the surface area as my independent variable.
Linking prediction to theory
Reaction rate and concentration.
The collision theory describes how the rate of reaction increases (the time taken for the magnesium ribbon to disappear when it is reacted with hydrochloric acid) when the concentration of HCL increases. As the reaction continues, the concentration of the reacting substances decreases and so does the rate of reaction. The reaction is speeded up if the number of collisions is increased. The higher the concentration of HCL you use, the less time it takes for the magnesium to disappear and so the rate reaction increases. If the activation energy is high only a small amount of particles will have enough energy to react so the reaction rate would be very small, however the activation energy is very low the number of particles with that amount of energy would be so high, so start, so the reaction rate would be higher.
Apparatus
Hydrochloric acid( mole)
Water(to dilute acid)
10ml testube
magnesium(cm long)
stop clock(sensitivity 1/10s)
beaker
In order to conduct any type of experiment, you need equipment. The equipment I used was a
Measuring Cylinder
Small measuring cylinder
Flask
beakers
Pad (marked with black cross) white cross
Timer
Method
To get the amount of magnesium and the amount of hydrochloric acid to use in the situation, we have to use an excess of acid so that all of the magnesium disappears.
An equation for the reaction
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen
Mg(s) + HCL(aq)Mgcl(aq) + H(g)
1mole moles 1mole 1mole
So we can say that one mole of magnesium reacts with moles of hydrochloric acid. Throughout the experiment, we diluted the acid solution using water, as we did this the concentration of the acid decreased. Then 8ml of acid and ml of water solution on the magnesium, measured time taken for magnesium to disappear using stop clock. Then 7ml of acid and ml of acid, repeated as above. This way the rate of reaction(the time taken for the magnesium to disappear) was measured accurately for a fair test.
Results
The results for the time taken for magnesium to disappear when it is placed in different concentrations of acid are summarised below.
Analysis of results
From the results in the table and the graph we can see a steady increase in the rate of reaction as the concentration of the acid decreases. This complies with my prediction. The graph shows that there is an increase in the rate of reaction as the concentration increases because the graph has its largest gradient or it is steepest at this point. When the graph was made into 1/time the result should have been a straight line graph but it did not turn out this way even though concentration~1/time. This 1/time graph could be wrong because of inaccurate results so there seems to be no relationship between the concentration graph and the 1/time graph. We can see from the rate of reaction graph that when the concentration roughly doubles from (1.8 moles to moles) the rate of the reaction doubles (from 5 to 60 seconds). Also we can see that as the reaction continues the concentration of the reactants decrease and so does the rate of the reaction as we can see the decreasing gradient on the graph steadily falling and coming to a stop when the reaction is complete and the magnesium has completely disappeared.
Conclusion
I can conclude that if you double the concentration of the acid the reaction rate would also double, this is because the ions are closer together in a concentrated solution. The closer together they are, the more often the ions collide. The more often they collide, the higher the chance of a reaction between the magnesium and the hydrochloric acid. Also because there are more particles in the solution which would increase the likelihood that they would hit the magnesium so the reaction rate would increase. The graph gives us a good device to prove that if you double the concentration the rate of reaction doubles. If you increase the number of particles in the solution it is more likely that they will collide more often. In the reaction, when the magnesium hit the acid, it fizzed and produced many bubbles it was silver in colour (which is one of magnesiums physical properties silvery
white metallic element), the activation energy of a particle gets higher with heat, the particles which have to have the activation energy are those particles which are moving, in the case of magnesium and hydrochloric acid, it is the hydrochloric acid particles which have to have the activation energy because they are the ones that are moving and bombarding the magnesium particles to produce magnesium chloride. The graph for 1/time had the form of an s curve and it did have some relationship with the other graph.
Conclusion
The experiments made were very successful and we had managed to complete the experiment fully and fairly.
The fastest reaction made was with no water, 60 cm of sodium this sulphate and 10 cm acid. This reaction is very fast with a time average of 44.1 seconds. The slowest reaction made was with 50 cm of water, 10 cm of sodium thiosulphate and 10-cm acid. This reaction was very slow with a time of 4,4.5 minutes in average. But this average time has mainly been made with the one anomalous result in a certain reaction. The reaction was stopped at 61.46, but the reaction was still not finished. It seemed that the chemicals in the flask had only reacted halfway, then it just stopped reacting.
Evaluation
There are many reasons why our results for the 1/time graph did not prove the point that concentration~1/time, such as
1. When the reaction takes place bubbles of H are given off, which might stay around the magnesium, which therefore reduces the surface area of the magnesium and so the acid cannot react properly so this affects the results.
. We could have controlled factors in the investigation better (e.g. the stirring of the solution because if this is not done properly it can lead to incorrect results).
. Using larger concentrations of acid would give a bigger more accurate conclusion instead of just using 10ml test tubes use 1litre test tubes, this way graphs would be more spaced out and give an accurate form or curve.
Interpretation and Evaluation
In this experiment I found out that many different factors including; Concentration, Temperature and Surface Area affect the rate of reaction. For the experiment I found out that the higher the concentration of the acid the quicker it takes to dissolve the magnesium. I know this because the more acid molecules that is in the beaker there is more chance of a successful collision to take place. Another factor that I learned is that the rate is constantly changing during the reaction because as time goes on there are fewer acid molecules. There are fewer acid molecules because when the acid reacts the same particle cannot react again, so there are less to end with than there are to start with. As time goes on the number of acid particle decrease so there is less chance of a successful reaction to take place.
Before I started the experiment I made up a prediction. I predicted that the more concentrated the acid solution the faster the magnesium and hydrochloric acid will react. I thought that this would happen because when there are more acid particles in the test tube the more chance there is of a successful collision. I was right in my prediction but I did not predict that the rate of reaction slows down as time goes on which did happen in my experiment.
Improvements
The experiments were handled fairly but it could have been even more fair. Because The reaction was finished when the black cross on the pad dissapeared and this is only seen by the naked eye. With the whole class doing this with different eye types, there is no exact fairness in the experiment.
Fairness in this issue can be found by using devices such as a light sensor. The light sensor will pass through the flask, of were an reaction is taking place to a reciever. When the light sensor can not reach the reciever, the timing will be stopped automatically. This will bring fairness to experiments to test all similar to rate of reaction.
Variables
INDEPENDANT VARIABLE My independent variable is the concentration of the acid.
CONTROLLED VARIABLE My controlled variables are the temperature of the acid, the size of the surface area of the magnesium, the volume of the acid/water solution and the length of the magnesium strip.
DEPENDANT VARIABLE My dependant variables are the volume of the magnesium and the mass of the magnesium.
Apparatus
Stop Clock - Water -
Acid - Test Tube rack -
Test Tube - Magnesium -
Ruler - Scissors -
Beaker - Measuring Cylinder -
Safety
Safety is a very important part of this experiment as we are working with a corrosive chemical that is very dangerous. When carrying out the experiment, be sure to wear safety goggles as we are working with acid. When measuring out the different concentrations of acid, be careful not to spill it onto your hands or clothing.
Method
To begin with, set up all the apparatus in a safe position. Then make up the different concentrations of acid. To do this, add a quantity of water to the acid.
Water (cm) Acid (cm) Molarity Total (cm)
0 5 1 5
5 0 0.8 5
10 15 0.6 5
15 10 0.4 5
0 5 0. 5
Pour 5cm of each molarity of acid into a test tube. Then drop in a cm strip of magnesium. As soon as the magnesium strip drops, start the stop clock. When the magnesium is no longer visible, stop the stop clock and record the time. When the magnesium strip is dropped in a gas appears and it gives off a hissing noise. We can work out the name of this gas by solving a simple equation
Hydrogen Chloride + Magnesium = Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen
HCL + Mg = MgCL + H
Or collect this gas and test it with the POP� test to identify it as Hydrogen.
Do this with each of the different molarities and repeat this again at least two more times to ensure that an accurate result is achieved.
BOILING TUBE
ACID OF DIFFERENT
MOLARITIES
MAGNESIUM
STRIP (CM)
BOILING TUBE
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
(THE MAGNESIUM HAS REACTED
WITH THE ACID AND HAS
DISSAPPEARED)
I will record the results in a table under the following headings
Molarity Volume (cm) Size of
Magnesium (cm) Time Taken
(sec) Rate of Reaction
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.
I will record the results in a graph under the following headings
T
I
M
E
(S
E
C)
MOLARITY OF SOLUTION
Prediction
I predict that the more concentrated the acid solution the faster the magnesium and hydrochloric acid will react. I think that this will happen because when there are more acid particles in the test tube the more chance there is of a successful collision
1
- Acid Particle
- Water Molecule
- Magnesium Atoms
1. The particles in the liquid move around continually. Here an acid particle is about to collide with a magnesium atom.
. If the collision has enough energy, reaction takes place. Magnesium chloride and hydrogen are formed.
. If the collision does not have enough energy, no reaction occurs. The acid particle bounces away again.
Results
1st results;
Molarity Volume (cm) Size of
Magnesium (cm) Time Taken
(sec) Rate of Reaction
1 5 5
0.8 5 6
0.6 5 11
0.4 5 516
0. 5 117
nd results;
Molarity Volume (cm) Size of
Magnesium (cm) Time Taken
(sec) Rate of Reaction
1 5 4
0.8 5 40
0.6 5 6
0.4 5 67
0. 5 NO TIME
rd results;
Molarity Volume (cm) Size of
Magnesium (cm) Time Taken
(sec) Rate of Reaction
1 5 6
0.8 5 8
0.6 5 61
0.4 5
0. 5 NO TIME
In some of the tests we had no time to complete them.
I also made a table for my average results;
Molarity Volume (cm) Size of
Magnesium (cm) Time Taken
(sec) Rate of Reaction
1 5 5
0.8 5 8
0.6 5 85
0.4 5 8
0. 5 117
I only recorded this result once because we had only enough time to test it once.
Mind that the sample papers like Rates of reactions between HCL and magnesium ribbon presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, May 15, 2012
Thoreau In and On the Catskills
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In Elevating Ourselves, Henry David Thoreau’s journals from his trips up such mountains as Mount Greylock or Saddleback, the Katahdin, Mount Washington and the Catskills are examined and interpreted. When Thoreau lodged in the home of a saw-miller in the Catskills, his profound and interesting writing took place. It was here that he started to refer to things in a more serene and sophisticated manner. While the majority of his writings are peaceful and intelligent, of what we’ve read, I believe this to be a very pivotal point in which his writings came in a much more poet manor than probably intended.
When Thoreau settled to live on the Catskills, he discusses, “the auroral atmosphere” of the mountains around him and how he likens the feeling to Mount Olympus (Huber 5). It is a comparison that takes me by surprise. It is not very often an American writer refers to a place like Greece when describing how it feels in a much more tactless place that is hundreds of miles away. Not to insult the America of Thoreau’s time, but I think it is certainly difficult to know what kind of majesty that he experienced back then which, today, might be all but vanished from the places he visited. In my hike up the Tower Trail, I looked across the hills and valleys only to signs of industry beyond, and I couldn’t help but wonder just how much more breath taking it must have been when it was seen by the first settlers of America. The hardest thing to interpret is whether or not the feeling was accurately described concerning Mount Olympus, because I have not have the pleasure of being there to realistically compare it to the feeling I had during my Tower Trail hike. Also, the fact that he’d choose Mount Olypmus of all the mountains in the world he could refer too intrigues me greatly. Was he comparing himself to an entity of a god-like stature? Or was he simply saying that from up there one becomes so detached from humanity that it’s easy to think outside the traditional realm of the human mind? I would hope and assume the latter of the two.
When Thoreau is invited to tour Europe with Isaac Hecker on foot, he declines and reflects on the invitation in his journal. “…I cannot so decidedly postpone exploring the Farther Indies, which are to be reached you know by other routs and other methods of travel…” (Huber 7). He thinks it worthless and in a way pointless to travel in a place that has been and is still being traveled on. Thoreau thinks that getting away from civilization and living off the land and only with yourself to pull you through the situations is how one really can reflect on one’s self and his problems. I’m not sure if I completely agree with Thoreau here. I think it is still a trying experience to go to a land that one is not very familiar and try and blaze a path in a different since. I know many people that have backpacked around Europe that say it is an experience unlike anything else that they’ve been through, and those same two guys were very experienced hikers. I think the two activities produce very different emotions and results. While I don’t disagree with what Thoreau is saying, “…to live along the road…” is comparable to giving one’s self a safety net, I do disagree with his discussion not to go.
Of these two excerpts, I see that Thoreau has discovered just how liberating nature can be. I don’t necessarily find either one more intriguing than the other, in the sense that I don’t know enough about either instance to know what Thoreau was really thinking. But I do know that neither of these would be evident to me at all if it weren’t for Thoreau’s “Lewis and Clark” type of thinking. He simply could not let things go unnoticed or discovered. And as I read more about him and his travels, the more I wish our country still had undiscovered areas that I myself might be able to go seek out and discover. Thoreau believed this the best way to learn. He thought every college should be located at the foot of a mountain. As he wrote during his hike up Mount Greylock, “It would be no small advantage if every college were thus located at the base of a mountain…” (Huber 1). Had someone said that to me less than a year ago, I might not have thought anything of it, but being here at Quinnipiac has caused me to appreciate the uniqueness of our location and the infinite advantages and opportunities it awards me as well as every other student on the campus. Whether or not one takes advantage of it is up to the individual. I also appreciate that Thoreau doesn’t think it necessary to be an experienced hiker or camper. He thinks everyone can and should enjoy nature. It should not be limited to only those who have been schooled or educated in the matters of the outdoors. I couldn’t agree with him more.
I think what Thoreau is really trying to say through all of his journal writings is that no one should be afraid of the unknown. No one person should allow a fear of something keep them from doing what they enjoy. Discovery can only occur when the concern of what might go wrong so ignored so the individual can move beyond and take that leap of faith. Had Lewis and Clark allowed the fear of what might become of them in the wilderness dictate whether or not they would make the journey across America, there would be a whole lot less America to be proud of right now. Thoreau sees nature as the discovery and test of what any one person is capable of doing. I completely agree with him. “I never came upon any of my discoveries through the process of rational thinking.” Thoreau and Einstein might have not been compared that often before but I see there methods as one in the same.
Works Cited
Huber, J Parker, ed. Elevating Ourselves Thoreau on Mountains. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1.
Mind that the sample papers like Thoreau In and On the Catskills presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
In Elevating Ourselves, Henry David Thoreau’s journals from his trips up such mountains as Mount Greylock or Saddleback, the Katahdin, Mount Washington and the Catskills are examined and interpreted. When Thoreau lodged in the home of a saw-miller in the Catskills, his profound and interesting writing took place. It was here that he started to refer to things in a more serene and sophisticated manner. While the majority of his writings are peaceful and intelligent, of what we’ve read, I believe this to be a very pivotal point in which his writings came in a much more poet manor than probably intended.
When Thoreau settled to live on the Catskills, he discusses, “the auroral atmosphere” of the mountains around him and how he likens the feeling to Mount Olympus (Huber 5). It is a comparison that takes me by surprise. It is not very often an American writer refers to a place like Greece when describing how it feels in a much more tactless place that is hundreds of miles away. Not to insult the America of Thoreau’s time, but I think it is certainly difficult to know what kind of majesty that he experienced back then which, today, might be all but vanished from the places he visited. In my hike up the Tower Trail, I looked across the hills and valleys only to signs of industry beyond, and I couldn’t help but wonder just how much more breath taking it must have been when it was seen by the first settlers of America. The hardest thing to interpret is whether or not the feeling was accurately described concerning Mount Olympus, because I have not have the pleasure of being there to realistically compare it to the feeling I had during my Tower Trail hike. Also, the fact that he’d choose Mount Olypmus of all the mountains in the world he could refer too intrigues me greatly. Was he comparing himself to an entity of a god-like stature? Or was he simply saying that from up there one becomes so detached from humanity that it’s easy to think outside the traditional realm of the human mind? I would hope and assume the latter of the two.
When Thoreau is invited to tour Europe with Isaac Hecker on foot, he declines and reflects on the invitation in his journal. “…I cannot so decidedly postpone exploring the Farther Indies, which are to be reached you know by other routs and other methods of travel…” (Huber 7). He thinks it worthless and in a way pointless to travel in a place that has been and is still being traveled on. Thoreau thinks that getting away from civilization and living off the land and only with yourself to pull you through the situations is how one really can reflect on one’s self and his problems. I’m not sure if I completely agree with Thoreau here. I think it is still a trying experience to go to a land that one is not very familiar and try and blaze a path in a different since. I know many people that have backpacked around Europe that say it is an experience unlike anything else that they’ve been through, and those same two guys were very experienced hikers. I think the two activities produce very different emotions and results. While I don’t disagree with what Thoreau is saying, “…to live along the road…” is comparable to giving one’s self a safety net, I do disagree with his discussion not to go.
Of these two excerpts, I see that Thoreau has discovered just how liberating nature can be. I don’t necessarily find either one more intriguing than the other, in the sense that I don’t know enough about either instance to know what Thoreau was really thinking. But I do know that neither of these would be evident to me at all if it weren’t for Thoreau’s “Lewis and Clark” type of thinking. He simply could not let things go unnoticed or discovered. And as I read more about him and his travels, the more I wish our country still had undiscovered areas that I myself might be able to go seek out and discover. Thoreau believed this the best way to learn. He thought every college should be located at the foot of a mountain. As he wrote during his hike up Mount Greylock, “It would be no small advantage if every college were thus located at the base of a mountain…” (Huber 1). Had someone said that to me less than a year ago, I might not have thought anything of it, but being here at Quinnipiac has caused me to appreciate the uniqueness of our location and the infinite advantages and opportunities it awards me as well as every other student on the campus. Whether or not one takes advantage of it is up to the individual. I also appreciate that Thoreau doesn’t think it necessary to be an experienced hiker or camper. He thinks everyone can and should enjoy nature. It should not be limited to only those who have been schooled or educated in the matters of the outdoors. I couldn’t agree with him more.
I think what Thoreau is really trying to say through all of his journal writings is that no one should be afraid of the unknown. No one person should allow a fear of something keep them from doing what they enjoy. Discovery can only occur when the concern of what might go wrong so ignored so the individual can move beyond and take that leap of faith. Had Lewis and Clark allowed the fear of what might become of them in the wilderness dictate whether or not they would make the journey across America, there would be a whole lot less America to be proud of right now. Thoreau sees nature as the discovery and test of what any one person is capable of doing. I completely agree with him. “I never came upon any of my discoveries through the process of rational thinking.” Thoreau and Einstein might have not been compared that often before but I see there methods as one in the same.
Works Cited
Huber, J Parker, ed. Elevating Ourselves Thoreau on Mountains. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1.
Mind that the sample papers like Thoreau In and On the Catskills presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sunday, May 13, 2012
how to kill a mockingbird
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like how to kill a mockingbird even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like how to kill a mockingbird in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
1 Specify and Plan the Task Marks are awarded for thinking ahead. Make sure you explain
how you will ensure fair collection of data
what data you need to collect
what calculations you will need to do with the data
what tables, charts or graphs you will be using with the data
Strand Collect Process and Represent Data Different types of calculation and charts score different marks. However, you do not score any marks for something that is not mentioned in either your plan or your conclusion. If you didnt plan to do something, that is OK, but you should explain in your conclu why you changed your mind
Strand Interpret and Discuss Results Once you have finished your courework, you need to say what you think your project showed and maybe explain why you think it showed it. If you do not do this you score ZERO in this strand.
Conditional probabilities
Lets look again at the previous example.
The bag contains 4 red beads and 5 green beads.
P (first bead is red) =
P (first bead is green) =
P (second bead is red, given that the first bead was red) =
P (second bead is green, given that the first bead was red) =
If the first bead is green, then there are 4 red and 4 green beads left in the bag.
P (second bead is red, given that the first bead was green) =
P (second bead is green, given that the first bead was green) =
These are known as conditional probabilities and are best represented on a tree diagram.
Remember
The sum of the probabilities for any set of branches should always be 1.
From the tree diagram we can see that
P (both beads are red) =
P (one bead of each colour) =
P (both beads are green) =
Easy? Try the following question yourself.
The probability that Alex arrives home on time is 0.7.
If he does arrive home on time, the probability that his dinner is burnt is 0.1.
If he doesnt arrive home on time, the probability that his dinneris burnt is 0.8.
Question 1
What is the probability that Alex arrives home on time and his dinner is not burnt?
The Answer
The probability that Alex arrives home on time and his dinner is not burnt is
0.7 x 0. = 0.6
Question
What is the probability that Alexs dinner is burnt?
Mind that the sample papers like how to kill a mockingbird presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
1 Specify and Plan the Task Marks are awarded for thinking ahead. Make sure you explain
how you will ensure fair collection of data
what data you need to collect
what calculations you will need to do with the data
what tables, charts or graphs you will be using with the data
Strand Collect Process and Represent Data Different types of calculation and charts score different marks. However, you do not score any marks for something that is not mentioned in either your plan or your conclusion. If you didnt plan to do something, that is OK, but you should explain in your conclu why you changed your mind
Strand Interpret and Discuss Results Once you have finished your courework, you need to say what you think your project showed and maybe explain why you think it showed it. If you do not do this you score ZERO in this strand.
Conditional probabilities
Lets look again at the previous example.
The bag contains 4 red beads and 5 green beads.
P (first bead is red) =
P (first bead is green) =
P (second bead is red, given that the first bead was red) =
P (second bead is green, given that the first bead was red) =
If the first bead is green, then there are 4 red and 4 green beads left in the bag.
P (second bead is red, given that the first bead was green) =
P (second bead is green, given that the first bead was green) =
These are known as conditional probabilities and are best represented on a tree diagram.
Remember
The sum of the probabilities for any set of branches should always be 1.
From the tree diagram we can see that
P (both beads are red) =
P (one bead of each colour) =
P (both beads are green) =
Easy? Try the following question yourself.
The probability that Alex arrives home on time is 0.7.
If he does arrive home on time, the probability that his dinner is burnt is 0.1.
If he doesnt arrive home on time, the probability that his dinneris burnt is 0.8.
Question 1
What is the probability that Alex arrives home on time and his dinner is not burnt?
The Answer
The probability that Alex arrives home on time and his dinner is not burnt is
0.7 x 0. = 0.6
Question
What is the probability that Alexs dinner is burnt?
Mind that the sample papers like how to kill a mockingbird presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Brief Response InTennessee Williams¡¦ ¡§A Street Car Named Desire¡¨
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Brief Response InTennessee Williams¡¦ ¡§A Street Car Named Desire¡¨ even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Brief Response InTennessee Williams¡¦ ¡§A Street Car Named Desire¡¨ in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
William¡¦s play, ¡§A Street Car Named Desire¡¨, revealing the reality versus the illusion; the present versus the past, is expressively representing the desire of body versus it of the soul. Tennessee Williams, further, uses music in a symbolic way ¡V ¡§Blue Piano¡¨, the expression of non-romantic reality of the life of the people on earth, and which is just the life that Stanley and Stella lead. On the other hand, Polka, the waltz music, romantics associated with the past, was the one played in the night when Blanche, the heroine, had danced with her husband whom and then committed suicide. The polka keeps in her mind, becoming a memento or a symbol of her miserable experience with her husband. Every time she thinks of her young husband, the music of the polka will rise up (P.1, P84, P6, P11, P11).
Moreover, Light, in this play, is the symbol of reality, and dark; the illusion. This is one of the reasons why Blanche is fear of the light, for she only accepts the illusion she believes in. Standing under light would make her be seen very clearly by others, and they will find that she is no longer young already. This fact reminds her to think of death. Further, the Mexican street vender selling flowers (P11) was the symbol of death, reminding Blanche of the funerals in Belle Reve.
All in all,desire, the main focus emphasized in this play, is the motif in Stan, Blanche and Stella¡¦s button of hearts. ¡§Desire¡¨ is the winner of the play; everyone is driven by this evil sense. People are born to have desires. And everyone might be the moth, chasing for the unknown desire, driven by the unknown desire, and get jeopardized.
Mind that the sample papers like Brief Response InTennessee Williams¡¦ ¡§A Street Car Named Desire¡¨ presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
William¡¦s play, ¡§A Street Car Named Desire¡¨, revealing the reality versus the illusion; the present versus the past, is expressively representing the desire of body versus it of the soul. Tennessee Williams, further, uses music in a symbolic way ¡V ¡§Blue Piano¡¨, the expression of non-romantic reality of the life of the people on earth, and which is just the life that Stanley and Stella lead. On the other hand, Polka, the waltz music, romantics associated with the past, was the one played in the night when Blanche, the heroine, had danced with her husband whom and then committed suicide. The polka keeps in her mind, becoming a memento or a symbol of her miserable experience with her husband. Every time she thinks of her young husband, the music of the polka will rise up (P.1, P84, P6, P11, P11).
Moreover, Light, in this play, is the symbol of reality, and dark; the illusion. This is one of the reasons why Blanche is fear of the light, for she only accepts the illusion she believes in. Standing under light would make her be seen very clearly by others, and they will find that she is no longer young already. This fact reminds her to think of death. Further, the Mexican street vender selling flowers (P11) was the symbol of death, reminding Blanche of the funerals in Belle Reve.
All in all,desire, the main focus emphasized in this play, is the motif in Stan, Blanche and Stella¡¦s button of hearts. ¡§Desire¡¨ is the winner of the play; everyone is driven by this evil sense. People are born to have desires. And everyone might be the moth, chasing for the unknown desire, driven by the unknown desire, and get jeopardized.
Mind that the sample papers like Brief Response InTennessee Williams¡¦ ¡§A Street Car Named Desire¡¨ presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, May 10, 2012
The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1922
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The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1
Ireland is a small country, an island to the west of Britain, which in turn is a somewhat larger and much more densely populated island to the west of mainland Europe. The island consists of two political units, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, which is part of the UK. The division of the island into two political units, and hence two economies, dates from 1. This piece will provide a broad historical background to the economy from the late seventeenth century to 1.
.1. Growth and Early Industrialisation 160-1815
The Economy in 160
At the time of the Battle of the Boyne in 160 the Irish economy was predominantly rural, although it was no longer a ‘woodland’ society. Population stood at a little under two million, roughly double the level of a century before. With the spread of population the forest cover was rapidly disappearing, giving way to both grazing and tilling. The largest town, Dublin, had a population of around 60,000 inhabitants.
The country was an important exporter, especially of grain, beef, butter, wool, and to a lesser extent, linen. Earnings on these exports were spent on items such as coal and tobacco, with a surplus on the current account of the balance of payments amounting to perhaps 10 per cent of exports. It was observed that Ireland was not significantly poorer, and was possibly better off than most of continental Europe at that time, although less affluent than most of England. Income was distributed unevenly. Land was owned by perhaps 10,000 landlords, and six-sevenths of the land was held by Protestants. Much of this was let out to farmers, who in turn frequently sublet small plots to hired casual labour.
Growth and Structural Change
The essential features of economic growth during the period 160-1815 were a rapid recovery after the war, a period of relative stagnation (1700-0), twenty five years of crisis which included two famines (170-45), and a long wave of sustained and relatively rapid economic growth (1745-1815). The evidence for these is indirect, since few economic statistics were collected at the time.
The seventeenth century saw rapid changes in the structure of the Irish agricultural economy. Cattle exports gave way to beef; sheep exports fell and never recovered; butter and pig production soared; and the country turned from being a net importer, to an important exporter of grain. At the same time Ireland became a major producer of textiles, notably linen. Two explanations have been offered for these structural changes.
The first focuses on English laws. In 1667 the Cattle Act excluded Irish cattle, sheep, beef and pork from England, forcing the country to export wool rather than sheep and to search for new markets for meat. More positively, the granting of duty-free access to England for linen helped that industry. However, the significance of the English laws for Irish economic growth is a matter of controversy. Writers in the nationalist vein have stressed the ways in which English handicapped Irish growth. The Woollen Acts are viewed as stunting the development of the Irish woollen industry. Cullen (17) argues that in response to the Cattle Acts the country successfully developed other outlets for cattle, and switched for other activities. The Acts may have provided more jobs than would otherwise have been the case by forcing the country to turn from ranching and orienting it towards tillage and dairying.
The second explanation for the structural change in agriculture rests on the response to an increase in the relative price of agricultural commodities, especially grain. In part this reflected the increasing urbanisation of Britain and the resultant growing demand for food. This improvement in the terms of trade increased the incomes of farmers. Ireland continued to export grain until the late 1860’s, when the falling costs of shipping, coupling with the opening up of the American Mid-West, brought cheaper grain to Europe.
Industrial change was dominated by the rise of the linen industry, which Cullen calls ‘perhaps the most remarkable instance in Europe of an export based advance in the eighteenth century’. From a low base in the 160’s linen exports rose rapidly, accounting for a quarter of all exports by 171. Other industries also expanded and modernised, notably those based on the processing of agricultural products, such as brewing, distilling and flour milling. This was due in part to the Industrial Revolution. The organisation of many industries was radically changed, with the establishment of breweries, textile factories and glass works large enough to benefit from economies of scale. The road network was greatly improved and the first canals were built.
Eighteenth century Ireland experienced occasional recessions. The trigger was typically a poor harvest, which led to reduced exports without a similarly large reduction in imports. The resulting balance of payments deficit was financed by an outflow of money (gold and coin), reducing the money supply and leading to tighter credit. In the short run this tended to depress economic activity, although in the long run domestic prices simply fell, stimulating exports and restraining imports until the balance of payments deficit was erased.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
The benefits of economic growth in the late eighteenth century were not equally spread. The most evident rift was that between landowners and the large rural proletariat. Under the Penal laws Catholic tenants were supposed to pay rent equal to two thirds of the ‘annual value of the land’ but rents of a third of gross output were more normal. Thus a relatively few landlords, and the middlemen and farmers to whom they rented, and who in turn rented subplots to casual workers, extracted a large surplus from the poor majority.
A second divide was between Catholic and Protestant. The Penal Laws placed restrictions on the right of Catholics to purchase land, to worship, to run schools, to vote, to take public office, to enter the professions, to take long leases, and to bequeath property. Barred from the professions and politics, able Catholics often turned their energy towards commerce, and the expansion of trade helped create a significant Catholic middle class.
The third divide was between town and country. Dublin grew to be the second town of the UK by 1800, with a population of about 00,000. Cork had 80,000 inhabitants, Limerick 0,000, while Belfast was still a minor town. That the country was able to support such a significant urban population, and to export increasing quantities of food, reflected a growing agricultural surplus and rising agricultural productivity.
.. Rural Crisis 1815-1850
The period of 1815 to 1850 was one of rural crisis, culminating in the disaster of the Famine. This crisis was reflected in rising emigration. This was also the period when Ireland most clearly failed to participate in the Industrial Revolution, which was, then in full spate in Britain.
Population
The census of 1841 enumerated 8. million people in Ireland, a higher level than any measured before or since, and over half the level of Great Britain. Since 1750 the population had risen at an average rate of 1. per cent per year, which was well above the rates recorded in England or France. Yet, by the 180’s the growth rate had fallen to 0.6 per cent, due almost entirely to massive emigration, which probably absorbed about half a per cent of the population annually after 180. A majority of the emigrants went to North America, and they accounted for a third of the free transatlantic migration of the period. Most of the rest went to Britain, which absorbed perhaps half a million Irish between 1815 and 1841. Once the flow of migration became established it created a momentum of its own, as early emigrants sent back money to pay the way for other family members, and helped to get new migrants established in America.
The elevated population growth was largely due to high marital fertility. There is no entirely satisfactory explanation for the high martial fertility. The age at which women married and the proportion of women who married were in line with contemporary European experience. It is possible that it was due to a good diet, a weak tradition of birth control, or a desire to have children, whether for pleasure or to help face old age. Life expectancy at birth was 7-8 years, lower than in Britain or Scandinavia, but high than in most of the rest of Europe.
Growth and Incomes
On the eve of the Great Famine, Ireland was one of the poorest countries in Europe. Per capita income was about 40 per cent of the British level, and half of it was generated in agriculture. Yet if the country was poor, it was also well fed, on grain, potatoes and dairy products. If equitably distributed, there was ample food for good health, but problems arose when the potato failed, as it did in the South-West in 18, in Mayo in 181 and in Donegal in 186.
It has been common to consider the 1815-1850 period as one of general ‘deindustrialisation’, during which the importance of industry in the economy fell. This is only partly correct. For the island as a whole industrial output appears to have increased. Large scale and more efficient production methods were applied in many industries, the road system was improved and banks were organised. Despite these changes, rural industry declined.
The first cause of rural deindustrialisation was that the woollen and cotton industries wilted in the face of competition from Britain after 184 when the last tariffs on goods from Britain were removed. A second blow to rural industry was the invention of a method for mechanically spinning flax, which made hand-spinning redundant, thereby depriving large numbers of families of a supplementary source of income.
Despite a rapid fall in prices after 1815, agricultural exports continued to rise, notably livestock and butter and, most dramatically, grain and flour. By the 180’s Ireland exported enough grain to feed about two million people annually, which testifies to the dynamism of the agricultural sector, which increasingly used new technologies such as improved seeds, crop rotations, better ploughs and carts.
The most traumatic event of the period was the Famine. After a wet summer, blight arrived in September 1845 and spread over almost half the country, especially the East. Peel’s Westminster government provided funds for maize and meal; relief works were set up, and when these proved inadequate more funds were made available. Famine was largely avoided. However, the potato crop failed completely in 1846, and by December about half a million people were working on relief works, at which stage they were ended. The winter was harsh. By August 1847 an estimated three million people were being supported by soup kitchens, including also three quarters of the population of some western counties. The 1847 harvest was not severely harmed, but it was small because a lack of seed constrained the area planted to a sixth of the pre-Famine level. The blight returned in 1848 and in 184 over 00,000 people were in the workhouses at some time or another. After 1847 the responsibility for supporting the poor had increasingly been shifted from the government to the local landowners, who by and large did not have sufficient resources to cope. Noting that a few years later Britain spent £6 million on the (futile) Crimean war, Moykr (18) argues that for half this sum ‘there is no doubt that Britain could have saved Ireland’. It is also unlikely that an independent Ireland could have done so without outside support.
As a direct result of the famine about one million people died. Three fifths of those who died were young (under ten) or old (over 60), although they constituted just one-third of the population. Serious famines were not uncommon in Europe until the seventeenth century; what was so unusual, and shocking, about the Irish Famine was that it occurred so recently.
The output of potatoes fell by three-quarters. In response, exports of grain, and pork (which used potatoes) fell by two-thirds, the use of potatoes for animal fodder ceased, and food imports rose very rapidly. As a result the amount of calories available for direct consumption barely fell, on a per capita basis. This gives credence to Amartya Sen’s contention that famines are rarely caused by an absolute lack of food, but rather by a change in the food entitlements of major groups in society. Thus labourers were unable to find employment when blight reduced the need for harvesting and planting potatoes; without income they could not buy food, and so became destitute. It follows that what is usually needed during a famine is income support rather than mere injections of food. This view forces us to turn to the sources and distribution of income, and not on crop failures alone, as part of the explanation of famine.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
Pre-Famine Ireland probably had a ‘very unequal distribution of income by West European standards.’ According to the 1841 census, 6 percent of the population has access to less than five acres of land, or were ‘without capital, in either money, land or acquired knowledge’. A further per cent were artisans, or had farms of between 5 and 4 acres. The remaining per cent were professionals and rentiers, and included approximately 10,000 proprietors, or 0.1 per cent of the population who owned at least 100 acres.
There is evidence that the largely rural proletariat, who constituted somewhat over half of the total population, became worse off during the thirty years prior to the Famine. This vulnerable group was ravaged by the Famine; between 1845 and 1851 the number of small farms, of between one and five acres, halved.
Why did Ireland Remain Poor?
There is no shortage of hypotheses as to why Ireland remained poor, and hence uniquely vulnerable by European standards to the chance failure of the potato crop. Nor does a single clear cause emerge. Ireland was not unique in undergoing rural deindustrialisation and depopulation. It is possible that the appropriate question is why some areas did industrialise, for in the early nineteenth century this was the exception rather than the rule.
A Malthusian explanation. ‘The land of Ireland’, wrote Malthus in 1817,’is infinitely more peopled than in England; and to give full effect to the natural resources of the country a great part of the population should be swept from the soil’. If population growth persists in surpassing the growth of food production ‘gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one might blow levels the population with the food of the world.’ Although consistently popular, the Malthusian explanation has been sharply questioned.
Even before the Famine Ireland had more cultivable land per person than Belgium or England and Wales, although less than France or Denmark. Given the rise in food exports, it is unlikely that population was outstripping food supplies in pre-Famine Ireland. Malthus himself late changed his mind, and by 186 considered that, given enough inputs, Ireland could develop ‘prodigious wealth, perhaps even surpassing England in income’.
Insecurity of land tenure. In pre-Famine Ireland most farmers were tenants, and some of them had short leases. If they were to undertake fixed investment in their farms they ran the risk that the landlord would raise the rent. So, the argument goes, farmers invested too little in agriculture, except perhaps in Ulster, where thirty-year leases were more common.
Agricultural growth was not hampered in earlier or later periods because of the system of tenancies, and did not increase as a result of the shift to owner-occupancy in the early twentieth century. Most annual tenancies were quite secure, and routinely renewed without significant rent increases.
Natural resources. One of the most common explanations for Ireland’s failure to industrialise is that it lacks extensive deposits of coal. In England, 85 per cent of the textile industry was located in coal-mining areas.
In England coal costs came to about four per cent of the total cost of manufacturing textiles; coal was perhaps two and a half times as expensive in Ireland, thereby increasing costs by six per cent. This was easily offset by lower wages in Ireland. The fact that some industries did succeed suggests that coal was not the indispensable missing ingredient for industrialisation.
Lack of capital. It has sometimes been argued that Ireland lacked capital, and that this hampered its ability to industrialise. However in the aggregate capital does not seen to have been lacking. In 1860 Irish residents held £40 in British government stock, and £0 million in Irish banks, a total value approaching the value of national income.
Despite adequate amounts of savings, there may still have been shortages, because of the system of intermediation, which matched savings with investors, may have been inadequate. Many industrialists appear to have become landowners rather than reinvest in their businesses, victims of what Lee (18) terms ‘ the aristocratic cult’.
Human resources. Some commentators have argued that Ireland did not industrialise because it lacked key human resources. In this view there were not enough, entrepreneurs, the population lacked education, and emigration sucked out the best and the brightest.
In 1841, 54 per cent of men and 41 per cent of women could at least read, which was a respectable level of literacy given that all education was private before 181. The establishment if the National Board of Education helped ensure almost universal literacy by the end of the nineteenth century, although the improvement was gradual. Those who emigrated appear to have been slightly less literate than the population at large, and to have come disproportionately from the poorest strata of society. In some areas including linen, banking and other industries, there were a significant number of entrepreneurs, although not all of them were Irish. Moykr (18) argues that the landlord class failed as entrepreneurs, and that they should have been a major force for change and improvement, but too often were absent from the estates to be effective.
Competition from Britain. The industrial revolution in Britain made manufactured goods less expensive, and centralised production close to the main markets. Improvements in transport carried these goods to Ireland cheaply.
Some argue that Ireland could only have stood up to such competition if it had the ability to impose tariffs and imports. Others however have pointed out that Scotland managed to industrialise successfully. It is clear that the industrial revolution spelled an end to cottage production, but it is not obvious why this had to be due to competition from British rather than Irish manufacturers. This is why a search for other, deeper explanations of the Irish failure to industrialise is called for.
.. Fewer But Richer 1850-11
The seventy years following the Famine witnessed enormous changes in Irish society and saw the emergence of the modern economy. Over this period per capita income more than doubled, while the population fell by a third. A rural middle class emerged, replacing landlords and squeezing out rural labourers. Within agriculture tillage declined, and the production if dry cattle increased. The North-East became industrialised.
Population
The dominant demographic fact of the period is that population declined, from 6.6 million in 1851 to 4. million by 16. Without emigration the population would have risen, by about one per cent annually in the 1860’s, and by half a per cent annually at the turn of the century. Over the period 180 to 145 an estimated 4.5 million Irish emigrated to the US, comparable in magnitude to the flows from Italy, Austria and Britain.
Growth and Incomes
Astonishingly, between 1840 and 11 per capita incomes in Ireland rose at 1.6 per cent per year, faster than any other country in Europe. Where Irish incomes averaged 40 per cent of the British level in 1840, this proportion had risen to 60 per cent in 11. Part of the explanation of this is statistical. The Famine, and subsequent high levels of immigration, removed a disproportionate number of the very poor; even if those who remained experienced no increase in their incomes, average income would have been higher than before.
Income also rose because of dramatic increases in output per worker. The North-East became highly industrialised and in the rest of the country agricultural productivity rose rapidly. Textiles and shipbuilding, as well as their upstream activities such as the manufacture of boilers for linen mills and rope-making and engineering for Harland and Wolff, increased dramatically at the end of the 1th century.
It is sometimes wondered why the North-East industrialised while by and large the rest of the country did not. There was no lack of capital, and indeed from the 1880’s on Irish residents were net lenders of capital to the rest of the world. The primary school system expanded rapidly, enrolling 8,000 in state-subsidised schools in 1841, and 1,07,000 by 1887. Enterprise may have been lacking, although clearly not in the Lagan valley. Some ascribe the growth of industry in the North-East to the role of the Protestant ethic, however industrial development in Europe was not in general tied to Protestant areas. Government investment had a small role, although the efforts of the Belfast harbour board to clear a deepwater channel and reclaim dockland for industrial use turned out to be a key factor in attracting shipbuilders. Perhaps the explanation rests on chance, the idea that once Belfast grew as an industrial centre, accumulating skills, capital and infrastructure, then it became an increasingly attractive location for further investment.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
As late as 1870, 7 per cent of all land was owned by landlords who rented it out to others to farm. Just 750 families owned 50 per cent of the land in the country. However, between 1870 and 15 the landed proprietors ‘surrendered their power and property’ in one of the most extensive, and most peaceful, land reforms in history.
The Land League maws founded by Michael Davitt, and forged a link with Parnell and the Irish party in parliament. Their efforts resulted in the Land Act of 1881, which established land courts to hear rent appeals. Further efforts prompted legislation which provided tenants with government loans with which to purchase their land. Under the Ashbourne Act of 1885 and the Wyndham Act of 10 nearly 400,000 tenants bought their land. By 117 almost two-thirds of tenants had acquired their holdings.
In 1841 1. million classified themselves as ‘farm servants and labourers’; by 111 the number had fallen to 0. million. Despite problems of definition, it is generally accepted that this period saw the virtual disappearance of the hired labourer from Irish agriculture. Not only did many farm labourers die during the Famine, but they were particularly prone to emigrate, as wages were batter elsewhere
The distribution of income can be considered in other dimensions too. Protestants maintained their share of national income. This largely reflected the growth of the industrial North-East, which was dominated by Protestant interests, and the fact that Catholics were more likely to emigrate (and more died in the Famine). The small towns stagnated, and so did Dublin until late in the century. Dublin’s tenement slums were notorious, and probably contained a third of the inner city population. In 110 the average weekly earnings of a family in Dublin were between a quarter and a third lower than in Britain. In contrast to the rest of the country Belfast and Derry grew rapidly. Real wages in Belfast trebled in the sixty years from 1850. The zenith of Belfast’s prosperity came during and immediately after World War I, with a boom in shipbuilding and engineering. Another cleavage was apparent between the poorer western fringe and the rest of the country.
.4. Conclusion
The significant events of Irish economic history have been marshalled to support a number of different interpretations.
Nationalists emphasise the ways in which the links between the Irish economy and Great Britain have worked to Ireland’s detriment. Writers in this vein have stressed the damage caused by the plantations, the Navigation, Cattle and Woollen Acts, the solid growth during the years of Grattan’s parliament, the lowering of tariffs in the years after the Act of Union, the ineffectiveness of relief efforts during later years of the Famine, and the costs of Ireland’s inability to protect its industry from British goods during the second half of the nineteenth century. This approach has typically been used to lead to the conclusion that Ireland would be better of economically with independence.
Marxists stress the role of the conflict between different classes within the country. Thus, for instance, the Famine and subsequent emigration swept away the greater part of the rural proletariat, paving the way for the emergence of a rural bourgeoisie, which in due course wrested control over the land from the aristocracy. In this view the labouring class, whether agricultural or industrial, never achieved enough strength to effect significant social or economic change, and the indigenous capitalist class failed in its mission of creating a dynamic industrial base.
Mind that the sample papers like The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1922 presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1
Ireland is a small country, an island to the west of Britain, which in turn is a somewhat larger and much more densely populated island to the west of mainland Europe. The island consists of two political units, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, which is part of the UK. The division of the island into two political units, and hence two economies, dates from 1. This piece will provide a broad historical background to the economy from the late seventeenth century to 1.
.1. Growth and Early Industrialisation 160-1815
The Economy in 160
At the time of the Battle of the Boyne in 160 the Irish economy was predominantly rural, although it was no longer a ‘woodland’ society. Population stood at a little under two million, roughly double the level of a century before. With the spread of population the forest cover was rapidly disappearing, giving way to both grazing and tilling. The largest town, Dublin, had a population of around 60,000 inhabitants.
The country was an important exporter, especially of grain, beef, butter, wool, and to a lesser extent, linen. Earnings on these exports were spent on items such as coal and tobacco, with a surplus on the current account of the balance of payments amounting to perhaps 10 per cent of exports. It was observed that Ireland was not significantly poorer, and was possibly better off than most of continental Europe at that time, although less affluent than most of England. Income was distributed unevenly. Land was owned by perhaps 10,000 landlords, and six-sevenths of the land was held by Protestants. Much of this was let out to farmers, who in turn frequently sublet small plots to hired casual labour.
Growth and Structural Change
The essential features of economic growth during the period 160-1815 were a rapid recovery after the war, a period of relative stagnation (1700-0), twenty five years of crisis which included two famines (170-45), and a long wave of sustained and relatively rapid economic growth (1745-1815). The evidence for these is indirect, since few economic statistics were collected at the time.
The seventeenth century saw rapid changes in the structure of the Irish agricultural economy. Cattle exports gave way to beef; sheep exports fell and never recovered; butter and pig production soared; and the country turned from being a net importer, to an important exporter of grain. At the same time Ireland became a major producer of textiles, notably linen. Two explanations have been offered for these structural changes.
The first focuses on English laws. In 1667 the Cattle Act excluded Irish cattle, sheep, beef and pork from England, forcing the country to export wool rather than sheep and to search for new markets for meat. More positively, the granting of duty-free access to England for linen helped that industry. However, the significance of the English laws for Irish economic growth is a matter of controversy. Writers in the nationalist vein have stressed the ways in which English handicapped Irish growth. The Woollen Acts are viewed as stunting the development of the Irish woollen industry. Cullen (17) argues that in response to the Cattle Acts the country successfully developed other outlets for cattle, and switched for other activities. The Acts may have provided more jobs than would otherwise have been the case by forcing the country to turn from ranching and orienting it towards tillage and dairying.
The second explanation for the structural change in agriculture rests on the response to an increase in the relative price of agricultural commodities, especially grain. In part this reflected the increasing urbanisation of Britain and the resultant growing demand for food. This improvement in the terms of trade increased the incomes of farmers. Ireland continued to export grain until the late 1860’s, when the falling costs of shipping, coupling with the opening up of the American Mid-West, brought cheaper grain to Europe.
Industrial change was dominated by the rise of the linen industry, which Cullen calls ‘perhaps the most remarkable instance in Europe of an export based advance in the eighteenth century’. From a low base in the 160’s linen exports rose rapidly, accounting for a quarter of all exports by 171. Other industries also expanded and modernised, notably those based on the processing of agricultural products, such as brewing, distilling and flour milling. This was due in part to the Industrial Revolution. The organisation of many industries was radically changed, with the establishment of breweries, textile factories and glass works large enough to benefit from economies of scale. The road network was greatly improved and the first canals were built.
Eighteenth century Ireland experienced occasional recessions. The trigger was typically a poor harvest, which led to reduced exports without a similarly large reduction in imports. The resulting balance of payments deficit was financed by an outflow of money (gold and coin), reducing the money supply and leading to tighter credit. In the short run this tended to depress economic activity, although in the long run domestic prices simply fell, stimulating exports and restraining imports until the balance of payments deficit was erased.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
The benefits of economic growth in the late eighteenth century were not equally spread. The most evident rift was that between landowners and the large rural proletariat. Under the Penal laws Catholic tenants were supposed to pay rent equal to two thirds of the ‘annual value of the land’ but rents of a third of gross output were more normal. Thus a relatively few landlords, and the middlemen and farmers to whom they rented, and who in turn rented subplots to casual workers, extracted a large surplus from the poor majority.
A second divide was between Catholic and Protestant. The Penal Laws placed restrictions on the right of Catholics to purchase land, to worship, to run schools, to vote, to take public office, to enter the professions, to take long leases, and to bequeath property. Barred from the professions and politics, able Catholics often turned their energy towards commerce, and the expansion of trade helped create a significant Catholic middle class.
The third divide was between town and country. Dublin grew to be the second town of the UK by 1800, with a population of about 00,000. Cork had 80,000 inhabitants, Limerick 0,000, while Belfast was still a minor town. That the country was able to support such a significant urban population, and to export increasing quantities of food, reflected a growing agricultural surplus and rising agricultural productivity.
.. Rural Crisis 1815-1850
The period of 1815 to 1850 was one of rural crisis, culminating in the disaster of the Famine. This crisis was reflected in rising emigration. This was also the period when Ireland most clearly failed to participate in the Industrial Revolution, which was, then in full spate in Britain.
Population
The census of 1841 enumerated 8. million people in Ireland, a higher level than any measured before or since, and over half the level of Great Britain. Since 1750 the population had risen at an average rate of 1. per cent per year, which was well above the rates recorded in England or France. Yet, by the 180’s the growth rate had fallen to 0.6 per cent, due almost entirely to massive emigration, which probably absorbed about half a per cent of the population annually after 180. A majority of the emigrants went to North America, and they accounted for a third of the free transatlantic migration of the period. Most of the rest went to Britain, which absorbed perhaps half a million Irish between 1815 and 1841. Once the flow of migration became established it created a momentum of its own, as early emigrants sent back money to pay the way for other family members, and helped to get new migrants established in America.
The elevated population growth was largely due to high marital fertility. There is no entirely satisfactory explanation for the high martial fertility. The age at which women married and the proportion of women who married were in line with contemporary European experience. It is possible that it was due to a good diet, a weak tradition of birth control, or a desire to have children, whether for pleasure or to help face old age. Life expectancy at birth was 7-8 years, lower than in Britain or Scandinavia, but high than in most of the rest of Europe.
Growth and Incomes
On the eve of the Great Famine, Ireland was one of the poorest countries in Europe. Per capita income was about 40 per cent of the British level, and half of it was generated in agriculture. Yet if the country was poor, it was also well fed, on grain, potatoes and dairy products. If equitably distributed, there was ample food for good health, but problems arose when the potato failed, as it did in the South-West in 18, in Mayo in 181 and in Donegal in 186.
It has been common to consider the 1815-1850 period as one of general ‘deindustrialisation’, during which the importance of industry in the economy fell. This is only partly correct. For the island as a whole industrial output appears to have increased. Large scale and more efficient production methods were applied in many industries, the road system was improved and banks were organised. Despite these changes, rural industry declined.
The first cause of rural deindustrialisation was that the woollen and cotton industries wilted in the face of competition from Britain after 184 when the last tariffs on goods from Britain were removed. A second blow to rural industry was the invention of a method for mechanically spinning flax, which made hand-spinning redundant, thereby depriving large numbers of families of a supplementary source of income.
Despite a rapid fall in prices after 1815, agricultural exports continued to rise, notably livestock and butter and, most dramatically, grain and flour. By the 180’s Ireland exported enough grain to feed about two million people annually, which testifies to the dynamism of the agricultural sector, which increasingly used new technologies such as improved seeds, crop rotations, better ploughs and carts.
The most traumatic event of the period was the Famine. After a wet summer, blight arrived in September 1845 and spread over almost half the country, especially the East. Peel’s Westminster government provided funds for maize and meal; relief works were set up, and when these proved inadequate more funds were made available. Famine was largely avoided. However, the potato crop failed completely in 1846, and by December about half a million people were working on relief works, at which stage they were ended. The winter was harsh. By August 1847 an estimated three million people were being supported by soup kitchens, including also three quarters of the population of some western counties. The 1847 harvest was not severely harmed, but it was small because a lack of seed constrained the area planted to a sixth of the pre-Famine level. The blight returned in 1848 and in 184 over 00,000 people were in the workhouses at some time or another. After 1847 the responsibility for supporting the poor had increasingly been shifted from the government to the local landowners, who by and large did not have sufficient resources to cope. Noting that a few years later Britain spent £6 million on the (futile) Crimean war, Moykr (18) argues that for half this sum ‘there is no doubt that Britain could have saved Ireland’. It is also unlikely that an independent Ireland could have done so without outside support.
As a direct result of the famine about one million people died. Three fifths of those who died were young (under ten) or old (over 60), although they constituted just one-third of the population. Serious famines were not uncommon in Europe until the seventeenth century; what was so unusual, and shocking, about the Irish Famine was that it occurred so recently.
The output of potatoes fell by three-quarters. In response, exports of grain, and pork (which used potatoes) fell by two-thirds, the use of potatoes for animal fodder ceased, and food imports rose very rapidly. As a result the amount of calories available for direct consumption barely fell, on a per capita basis. This gives credence to Amartya Sen’s contention that famines are rarely caused by an absolute lack of food, but rather by a change in the food entitlements of major groups in society. Thus labourers were unable to find employment when blight reduced the need for harvesting and planting potatoes; without income they could not buy food, and so became destitute. It follows that what is usually needed during a famine is income support rather than mere injections of food. This view forces us to turn to the sources and distribution of income, and not on crop failures alone, as part of the explanation of famine.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
Pre-Famine Ireland probably had a ‘very unequal distribution of income by West European standards.’ According to the 1841 census, 6 percent of the population has access to less than five acres of land, or were ‘without capital, in either money, land or acquired knowledge’. A further per cent were artisans, or had farms of between 5 and 4 acres. The remaining per cent were professionals and rentiers, and included approximately 10,000 proprietors, or 0.1 per cent of the population who owned at least 100 acres.
There is evidence that the largely rural proletariat, who constituted somewhat over half of the total population, became worse off during the thirty years prior to the Famine. This vulnerable group was ravaged by the Famine; between 1845 and 1851 the number of small farms, of between one and five acres, halved.
Why did Ireland Remain Poor?
There is no shortage of hypotheses as to why Ireland remained poor, and hence uniquely vulnerable by European standards to the chance failure of the potato crop. Nor does a single clear cause emerge. Ireland was not unique in undergoing rural deindustrialisation and depopulation. It is possible that the appropriate question is why some areas did industrialise, for in the early nineteenth century this was the exception rather than the rule.
A Malthusian explanation. ‘The land of Ireland’, wrote Malthus in 1817,’is infinitely more peopled than in England; and to give full effect to the natural resources of the country a great part of the population should be swept from the soil’. If population growth persists in surpassing the growth of food production ‘gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one might blow levels the population with the food of the world.’ Although consistently popular, the Malthusian explanation has been sharply questioned.
Even before the Famine Ireland had more cultivable land per person than Belgium or England and Wales, although less than France or Denmark. Given the rise in food exports, it is unlikely that population was outstripping food supplies in pre-Famine Ireland. Malthus himself late changed his mind, and by 186 considered that, given enough inputs, Ireland could develop ‘prodigious wealth, perhaps even surpassing England in income’.
Insecurity of land tenure. In pre-Famine Ireland most farmers were tenants, and some of them had short leases. If they were to undertake fixed investment in their farms they ran the risk that the landlord would raise the rent. So, the argument goes, farmers invested too little in agriculture, except perhaps in Ulster, where thirty-year leases were more common.
Agricultural growth was not hampered in earlier or later periods because of the system of tenancies, and did not increase as a result of the shift to owner-occupancy in the early twentieth century. Most annual tenancies were quite secure, and routinely renewed without significant rent increases.
Natural resources. One of the most common explanations for Ireland’s failure to industrialise is that it lacks extensive deposits of coal. In England, 85 per cent of the textile industry was located in coal-mining areas.
In England coal costs came to about four per cent of the total cost of manufacturing textiles; coal was perhaps two and a half times as expensive in Ireland, thereby increasing costs by six per cent. This was easily offset by lower wages in Ireland. The fact that some industries did succeed suggests that coal was not the indispensable missing ingredient for industrialisation.
Lack of capital. It has sometimes been argued that Ireland lacked capital, and that this hampered its ability to industrialise. However in the aggregate capital does not seen to have been lacking. In 1860 Irish residents held £40 in British government stock, and £0 million in Irish banks, a total value approaching the value of national income.
Despite adequate amounts of savings, there may still have been shortages, because of the system of intermediation, which matched savings with investors, may have been inadequate. Many industrialists appear to have become landowners rather than reinvest in their businesses, victims of what Lee (18) terms ‘ the aristocratic cult’.
Human resources. Some commentators have argued that Ireland did not industrialise because it lacked key human resources. In this view there were not enough, entrepreneurs, the population lacked education, and emigration sucked out the best and the brightest.
In 1841, 54 per cent of men and 41 per cent of women could at least read, which was a respectable level of literacy given that all education was private before 181. The establishment if the National Board of Education helped ensure almost universal literacy by the end of the nineteenth century, although the improvement was gradual. Those who emigrated appear to have been slightly less literate than the population at large, and to have come disproportionately from the poorest strata of society. In some areas including linen, banking and other industries, there were a significant number of entrepreneurs, although not all of them were Irish. Moykr (18) argues that the landlord class failed as entrepreneurs, and that they should have been a major force for change and improvement, but too often were absent from the estates to be effective.
Competition from Britain. The industrial revolution in Britain made manufactured goods less expensive, and centralised production close to the main markets. Improvements in transport carried these goods to Ireland cheaply.
Some argue that Ireland could only have stood up to such competition if it had the ability to impose tariffs and imports. Others however have pointed out that Scotland managed to industrialise successfully. It is clear that the industrial revolution spelled an end to cottage production, but it is not obvious why this had to be due to competition from British rather than Irish manufacturers. This is why a search for other, deeper explanations of the Irish failure to industrialise is called for.
.. Fewer But Richer 1850-11
The seventy years following the Famine witnessed enormous changes in Irish society and saw the emergence of the modern economy. Over this period per capita income more than doubled, while the population fell by a third. A rural middle class emerged, replacing landlords and squeezing out rural labourers. Within agriculture tillage declined, and the production if dry cattle increased. The North-East became industrialised.
Population
The dominant demographic fact of the period is that population declined, from 6.6 million in 1851 to 4. million by 16. Without emigration the population would have risen, by about one per cent annually in the 1860’s, and by half a per cent annually at the turn of the century. Over the period 180 to 145 an estimated 4.5 million Irish emigrated to the US, comparable in magnitude to the flows from Italy, Austria and Britain.
Growth and Incomes
Astonishingly, between 1840 and 11 per capita incomes in Ireland rose at 1.6 per cent per year, faster than any other country in Europe. Where Irish incomes averaged 40 per cent of the British level in 1840, this proportion had risen to 60 per cent in 11. Part of the explanation of this is statistical. The Famine, and subsequent high levels of immigration, removed a disproportionate number of the very poor; even if those who remained experienced no increase in their incomes, average income would have been higher than before.
Income also rose because of dramatic increases in output per worker. The North-East became highly industrialised and in the rest of the country agricultural productivity rose rapidly. Textiles and shipbuilding, as well as their upstream activities such as the manufacture of boilers for linen mills and rope-making and engineering for Harland and Wolff, increased dramatically at the end of the 1th century.
It is sometimes wondered why the North-East industrialised while by and large the rest of the country did not. There was no lack of capital, and indeed from the 1880’s on Irish residents were net lenders of capital to the rest of the world. The primary school system expanded rapidly, enrolling 8,000 in state-subsidised schools in 1841, and 1,07,000 by 1887. Enterprise may have been lacking, although clearly not in the Lagan valley. Some ascribe the growth of industry in the North-East to the role of the Protestant ethic, however industrial development in Europe was not in general tied to Protestant areas. Government investment had a small role, although the efforts of the Belfast harbour board to clear a deepwater channel and reclaim dockland for industrial use turned out to be a key factor in attracting shipbuilders. Perhaps the explanation rests on chance, the idea that once Belfast grew as an industrial centre, accumulating skills, capital and infrastructure, then it became an increasingly attractive location for further investment.
Distribution of Income and Wealth
As late as 1870, 7 per cent of all land was owned by landlords who rented it out to others to farm. Just 750 families owned 50 per cent of the land in the country. However, between 1870 and 15 the landed proprietors ‘surrendered their power and property’ in one of the most extensive, and most peaceful, land reforms in history.
The Land League maws founded by Michael Davitt, and forged a link with Parnell and the Irish party in parliament. Their efforts resulted in the Land Act of 1881, which established land courts to hear rent appeals. Further efforts prompted legislation which provided tenants with government loans with which to purchase their land. Under the Ashbourne Act of 1885 and the Wyndham Act of 10 nearly 400,000 tenants bought their land. By 117 almost two-thirds of tenants had acquired their holdings.
In 1841 1. million classified themselves as ‘farm servants and labourers’; by 111 the number had fallen to 0. million. Despite problems of definition, it is generally accepted that this period saw the virtual disappearance of the hired labourer from Irish agriculture. Not only did many farm labourers die during the Famine, but they were particularly prone to emigrate, as wages were batter elsewhere
The distribution of income can be considered in other dimensions too. Protestants maintained their share of national income. This largely reflected the growth of the industrial North-East, which was dominated by Protestant interests, and the fact that Catholics were more likely to emigrate (and more died in the Famine). The small towns stagnated, and so did Dublin until late in the century. Dublin’s tenement slums were notorious, and probably contained a third of the inner city population. In 110 the average weekly earnings of a family in Dublin were between a quarter and a third lower than in Britain. In contrast to the rest of the country Belfast and Derry grew rapidly. Real wages in Belfast trebled in the sixty years from 1850. The zenith of Belfast’s prosperity came during and immediately after World War I, with a boom in shipbuilding and engineering. Another cleavage was apparent between the poorer western fringe and the rest of the country.
.4. Conclusion
The significant events of Irish economic history have been marshalled to support a number of different interpretations.
Nationalists emphasise the ways in which the links between the Irish economy and Great Britain have worked to Ireland’s detriment. Writers in this vein have stressed the damage caused by the plantations, the Navigation, Cattle and Woollen Acts, the solid growth during the years of Grattan’s parliament, the lowering of tariffs in the years after the Act of Union, the ineffectiveness of relief efforts during later years of the Famine, and the costs of Ireland’s inability to protect its industry from British goods during the second half of the nineteenth century. This approach has typically been used to lead to the conclusion that Ireland would be better of economically with independence.
Marxists stress the role of the conflict between different classes within the country. Thus, for instance, the Famine and subsequent emigration swept away the greater part of the rural proletariat, paving the way for the emergence of a rural bourgeoisie, which in due course wrested control over the land from the aristocracy. In this view the labouring class, whether agricultural or industrial, never achieved enough strength to effect significant social or economic change, and the indigenous capitalist class failed in its mission of creating a dynamic industrial base.
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