Change Essay (GCSE B+)

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I still remember that fateful day well, the day my whole life changed. I look

back at it now and I still cant find a rational explanation for the events that occurred.

At the time, I didn’t let many people know, even now many people don’t know. After

the incident, I moved here, a small rural village in the countryside, to get away from




the publicity that it caused. No one knew about my changes here, and they now only

exist, some fifty years later, as myths to the teenagers.

It all started when I was in my first year at college. I had many friends, I was a

member of the football team and I had a beautiful girlfriend. He name was Clara; her

long dark hair, extremely feminine figure and beautiful smile as well as a bubbly fun

personality made her the sweetest girl I have ever met. Back then my life was great. I

was very happy with my social status, my studies and my life.

I used to go out with friends to parties and bars, and we would have a great

time. I used to drink, I used to love it, but I was no addict. I never tried drugs either, I

didn’t see the point in taking such a risk in my life, and I would be taken off the team

immediately if the coach caught me. When we went out, we used to find little things

to do for a joke, things that would give us a cheap laugh at the time.

This one dark night Clara, Dufty and Matchu and I went out for a few beers.

We left the bar at around midnight and headed towards our college. About a quarter of

the way into the thirty-minute walk, there is a shortcut, which goes across a few fields

and through an old wood. We had been down there in daylight, but tonight was

different. It was very dark, the sky cloudless and the light from the huge full moon

flooded the landscape and lit everything with an eerie blue tint. The trees were

standing tall, the shadows intruding the roads. We could hear only the sounds of the

nightlife, and the odd passing car.

It was suggested by Dufty that we should take the shortcut. Matchu agreed,

Clara didn’t, and I didn’t really mind, but we decided to go down the old path

nevertheless. We started walking through the fields, laughing and joking, running

around and generally having a good time. We walked for a while, as we came to the

entrance to the wood. We looked up the path, and it was pitch black, the moonlight

only braking through the trees in scarce patches. Clara was protesting, and wanted to

turn back, but it was a good forty minutes back to the apartment from here if we went

back, but only ten if we continued. We promised that we would take care of Clara and

she reluctantly agreed to walk on.

As we got deeper into the forest, the eeriness made me on edge, and my

stomach turned at every slight noise. We were walking along, and the path that we

were following slowly started fading like the looks of excitement on our faces, until

we were walking around hopelessly in the forest. We walked for a good ten minutes

and there was still no sign of the other side of the forest. By now we had started to get

worried, as we were sure we were lost. None of what we could see was like we

thought it should be.



We didn’t want to alarm the others by mentioning anything, but inside we

were all thinking the same thoughts. Eventually Clara said that she thought we were

lost, and that she was petrified. Our minds had started to play tricks on us, and we

would think we saw something up to such a degree that we would bet our lives on it.

My stomach was in knots. I felt sick, and my eyes were hurting from the strain

of trying to see in this dark dingy place. After another ten minutes we were in a right

state. I was sure that something was following us, but the rest of the group didn’t pay

any attention. It turned out that I was right.



It all happened in a flash, I could hear the cracking of sticks behind me, so I

turned round and there was nothing there. I heard the noises again merely two seconds

later and I turned round again to see this monstrous figure towering over me. I was

completely shocked. This huge eight foot tall creature was standing just a few yards

away from me. He stood, his evil glaring eyes staring straight at me. His huge

muscular body supported on equally strong legs. He had tiny scrawny arms, on which

razor-sharp claws were sticking out an inch or two. All I could focus on was his white

teeth, drool covered and penetrating his pointy nose. If I wasn’t mistaken, he looked

like a werewolf!

Before I had chance to even scream he charged at me. The others then noticed

him and fled in all directions away from the beast. As he pounced me I could hear a

rusty growling noise, then I felt his body weight on top of me. This was the last thing

that I noticed before I passed out.

When I regained consciousness I was laying on the floor, the very same spot

that I had landed on. I looked at my body, and everything appeared to be normal. I

couldn’t feel any pain at all. By this time the forest was nearly completely light, and I

could feel the dampness on dawn on the cold floor that I was lying on. I slowly rose to

my feel, looking around in every direction for the monster that I could vaguely

remember. I then thought of Clara, and the others. I made a promise to her that

nothing would happen, and if it did that I would protect her.



I ran in any direction shouting her name as I frantically searched for her. After

quite a while, I noticed the path, which I followed. Shortly after, I was out of the

forest and running down the street to our college. On arrival I found that all of my

friends who were with me were there. I ran over to them and asked them what had

happened. They looked confused, and replied that nothing had happened to them. I

told them again, trying to get them to remember but they insisted that I had just

disappeared. I was confused, they couldn’t remember anything that happened that

night, and they couldn’t remember getting either. They all said that they awoke this

morning in heir beds, and that the night before they went out and I was not with them.

I looked at them blankly. I know what had happened. I thought at first that it

was all some kind of big joke. Either they couldn’t remember anything, or I was

wrong. But how could I be. I was sure of what happened, it was so real, and if it was

some kind of a dream, why was I in the forest this morning. Something very weird

was going on.

After a few days of confusion and discussion, I thought that it must have been

some kind of a joke. The attack was a dream, and they had moved me into the forest

as a joke whilst I was sleeping. It was then I first saw the funny side and I felt

relieved, like a huge load was lifted off my back. A week later, and everything was

forgotten about. My life continued as normal and no one said anything. I thought that

it was all over at this, but no, something far worse was about to happen to me.

It was morning and I woke up as usual. I dressed, and ate and got ready for the

day. We were going to go down to the football stadium to watch a game, and have a

few beers after in the pub. The first thing that I thought was unusual was that my leg

was stinging. I looked at where the pain was coming from but there was no sign of

any cut or mark. It didn’t hurt that much, and I wasn’t going to let it ruin my day. We

went to the game as usual and on the way home we stopped at a bar. Outside, it was

late afternoon and the sun was just setting. I had a couple of pints in the bar, and then

we decided to have a dance. This was grate fun, except that the pain in my leg had got

worse. I went to the toilet to have a look. When I got in there, I looked and again

everything seemed to be normal.

I opened the window, to get some fresh air and all I could see was the huge

full moon filling the sky. It was just like that night, exactly a month ago today. As

soon as the moonlight hit me the pain in my leg was excruciating. I could feel my

body tingling. I looked at my hands and they had changed. I ran quickly to the mirror

and I looked at my face. I gave myself such a fright. I blinked once or twice but the

picture was still the same.

In the mirror all I could see was the image of a monster, exactly like the one I

saw in the forest, the one that attacked me. I couldn’t believe it. I looked down at my

hands and my feet. It was true. I had changed into some kind of beast. I heard

someone coming into the room so I hid in a toilet cubicle. After a minute or so he left

and that is all I could remember. All I could feel was my mind loosing control of my

body. I was walking towards the window and I couldn’t stop myself.

The next day I woke up in a garden shed. I sneaked out and got back to the

college apartments. I could remember turning into a werewolf, and loosing control

over my body but I could not remember what had happened. When I got there I got in

bed and pretended to be asleep. If I told them the truth they would thing that I was

crazy. I didn’t want to end up in some sort of nut home. When I heard the others get

up I went down into the kitchen with them. They were reading a paper, laughing

about the headline. I walked over and peered around at the national paper. I was

completely shocked.

“WEREWOLF ATTACKS IN TEXAS”. I couldn’t believe that it said. I read

it again but still it didn’t change. All of my friends were laughing and joking then they

asked me why I dashed off last night. I didn’t know what to say, I couldn’t tell the

truth. I just said that I felt really ill and I went home. They all accepted the story and

they didn’t thing anything of it.

The next week was all talk about the so-called werewolf in our town. Because

there were no signs of it for this long it was slowly forgotten and excuses were made

for the sightings. I thought back to both of my experiences. In each case there was a

werewolf and the first time I was attacked, and the second time I was the werewolf. I

had read stories about these kinds of things so I concluded that I must have been

bitten, and had the werewolf passed to me. Then I thought of my leg and the

moonlight. The wolf must have bitten me on my leg, and on the day of the full moon I

could feel it hurting. The light of the full moon must trigger the werewolf tendencies.

Although I had an explanation of my own there were still a few questions

unanswered. Why didn’t the others remember the attack, and why couldn’t I control

my body?

It wasn’t until a few days later that Matchu put two and two together and

mentioned as a joke that I was obsessed with werewolves. After he said this it got the

others thinking, and I overheard a conversation between them saying that they should

report me to somebody before the next full moon. If they did do this, and I was

caught, I would be tested and caged up. My freedom would be killed. I thought that I

have got to get away. I have got to leave them behind before its too late. That day I

packed my clothes and possessions in my car and set off, leaving nothing behind

except a note. I said that I was leaving because work was too hard.

I’m not sure whether they tried looking for me in the end. I travelled north and

rented a place in a small village. I got a job settled down. It turned out that there was a

werewolf hunt, and that somehow the press had had information about a werewolf.

All fingers pointed to my so-called friends, but I didn’t care anymore, I had moved

on.

From then on, every full moon, I had to stay inside, hiding from the

moonlight. I don’t know if I still have the werewolf in me, but I am now willing to

test it out. My old life was great, but one event changed everything. I had become

something else, and there was no cure. I just had to live with it.



Mind that the sample papers like Change Essay (GCSE B+) presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

ARTICLE REVIEW ECO360

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like ARTICLE REVIEW ECO360 even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like ARTICLE REVIEW ECO360 in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

In the article No State Strategy for Trade, author Jock O’Connell elaborates about the possible ramifications of the State of California’s recent decision to abolish the California State World Trade Commission (WTC). Despite the fact that California is one of the worlds foremost economies, with sizeable stakes on what decisions will be made, this month the World Trade Commission will represent California at the negotiating table regarding the reduction in trade barriers in Cancun Mexico. In this article, O’Connell describes the rise and fall of the commission and further offers his interpretation of a possible resolution in the handling of the state’s trade related matters for the future.

According to a report published by the San Francisco based Public Policy Institute of California, the state has different trade interests than other states. California firms rely more heavily on exports than do other United States companies with exports representing 10% of California’s economic output, as compared to 7.6% for the rest of the country. This mix of products ranges from produce, fruits, wines, nuts, and manufacturing of high-technology products. Other parts of the country export items such as soybeans, and raw grains. This output makes California more reliant on the Far East than other parts of the United States.

Despite the heavy trade out of California, Governor Grey Davis signed a budget eliminating the California Technology, Trade, and Commerce Agency, as well as the California Sate World Trade Commission. This cost saving move has been highly criticized leaving people wondering what will be the next step. (O’Connell, 00)

According to O’Connell, for at least a decade no one has really been minding the California store with regards to foreign trade. Beginning in 1, the California State World Trade Commission was absorbed into the California Technology, Trade, and Commerce Agency. After this period O’Connell suggests that the entire commission was in some way a smoke screen; “political operatives whose prime directive in running the trade agency was apparently to smother any original thoughts or policy initiatives that might venture their way.” Essentially, for ten years California has been supporting salaries and the commission has been producing little to no global growth ideas or results. The commission became a public embarrassment over these years as individuals were appointed to the commission with no international trade experience.




While the international trading world has been thrust into ever changing technology with continuous advancement in communication, transportation, global supply chains, and “successive waves of trade liberalization”, California has been operating under the concepts that were established in the 180’s. All of this has been happening while California has continued to have increases in export trade, now representing a $100 billion a year. (O’Connell, 00)

So, with the abolishment of the commission’s that have previously (albeit poorly) represented California’s trade interests, O’Connell suggests a new approach. His approach would be to reconstitute the California State World Trade Commission as an “independent, privately financed commission of bona fide international business people, economic development officials, and trade economists.” This revised commission would hold the responsibility of representing California in ensuring its future and competitiveness in global trade.

Since Haas Automation, Incorporated is both a California based company, and a large export company with approximately 5% of its total revenue volume export based, these recent decisions could have a major impact on the company. Haas exports computer numeric controlled milling machines, as well as replacement parts worldwide. The impact could be tremendous. Haas is currently expanding its international focus. The most recent change was the introduction of the Haas Factory Outlet in China. This expansion will continue into numerous markets in the upcoming years. Haas intends on growing its international market to match the current level of its domestic business. This means Haas current export business is approximately 105 million it is intended to grow by 00% to just over 00 million annually.

One thing of notice from O’Connell’s report, California is not going completely unrepresented as the WTC will keep a watchful eye over California’s trade interests. Likewise the WTC will represent California at the meeting to be held this month in Cancun. The question is does this individual know the impact he or she could have such a large export region?

Another interesting point in O’Connell’s description of recent years is, if there have been virtually no changes in the past decade then the interim is not likely to shutdown California exporting, as business will continue as it has in the past, however a gate keeper is necessary down the road to foster improvements. The idea of having qualified economists representing the state, as well as true business people that have a vested interest seemingly is a great way of making sure the state is represented well as a whole. Who better to make the decisions than those that have to live with the choices?

If O’Connell’s recant is accurate, revamping the export trade commission and reviewing the current situation in California appears to be much needed. From the perspective of someone who works for a California based company that has a significant portion of its overall business conducted through exporting, it is important that this situation gets resolved soon. California is not getting smaller. More exporting will be required and new trade policies, reviews of tariffs, as well as plans for continued growth are an absolute necessity to remain competitive in this ever changing global environment.

References

O’Connell, J., 00 No State Strategy for Trade, The Sacramento Bee, August 4, 00

Available [Online] http//www.sacbee.com/content/opinion/story

References

O’Connell, J., 00 No State Strategy for Trade, The Sacramento Bee, August 4, 00

Available [Online] http//www.sacbee.com/content/opinion/story

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“Desiree’s Baby”

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“Desiree’s Baby”

There was a time not so long ago when a man’s superiority and authority wasn’t a question but an accepted truth that women are portrayed as weak and absent personalities, who are dependent on men for their livelihood.. In the story “Desiree’s Baby,” by Kate Chopin, I see an example similar to this. This is a story of love, rejection and prejudice, a story with moral beginnings that slowly turns to expose a revolting side of human relations. I see Armand, a wealthy landowner in the south, who is confronted by a family secret that has been hidden from him for years. Armand is of mixed blood, be has the blood of slavery on his veins. Armand who was innocent of this secret makes wrong assumptions that later brings on tragic consequences.

In the south the bloodlines were very important for the status of a family and their social placement within the society in which they live. In this story, I see the conflict of man vs. man which is the relationship that Armand has with his wife. At the beginning of the story he is a very nice man, he doesn’t get angry, and treats everyone with respect. Tragedy comes to the family with the birth of their child. By the time the baby was three months old, neighbors and him noticed a change in the child. Towards the end of the story he treats everyone with indifference and seems to no longer care for his wife and son.“When the baby was about three months old, Desiree awoke one day to the conviction that there was something in the air menacing her peace.” It turns out that the baby is of mixed blood and because of this, Armand begins to avoid the wife and the child he was once so proud of. Another conflict that I see in the story is that of man vs. nature. Armand does not know that his mother has kept from him this secret. He wrongly judges his wife telling her she is not white. Armand was not able to resolve this conflict because it was not his fault that his mom had kept this secret from him. The other conflict that I see in the story is that of man vs. machine. Armand lived in a society where the bloodlines were essential for a family’s purity. And since his son was considered to be corrupted because of his mixed blood, his family was not seen well among the people of his society.

In addition to the conflicts within the story, I found that it lacked characterization. In this story I don’t see that the characters were well developed. We know little about all of them. We know that the wife has brown hair, gray eyes, and white hands. We just know that Armand is of mixed blood and that his wife is truly white. The baby, the story says, is pretty but it doesn’t mention any characteristics about him. The diction in the story is not so hard. It is the basic English that was used during the 1800s. It is understandable even though there are certain words which might need to be looked up in a dictionary. The dialogue within the story that I recall as being the most important is when Armand accused Desiree of not being white, and she denies it. “It is a lie it is not true, I am white look at my hair, it is brown and my eyes are gray, Armand you know they are gray.”“Look at my hand whiter than yours.” Armand.”




The story is written from a first person point of view. The narrator tells the story to the reader. There are a few quotes that he actually got from the characters, but apart from that everything else in the story is narrated. The setting of the story reinforces the position of women’s dependence on men. This story took place on the south in a plantation in L’Abri. The plantation is bordered by a field and a bayou, which makes the location totally isolated from the world.

Moreover, this story symbolizes one main thing. That men take for granted what they have. They think they are superior than women and have more authority than us. Women, on the other hand, are portrayed as weak, irresponsible and unable to take the lead in life. But the letter that Armand found and read is from his mother which reveals to him that he is who has a mixed blood. And that Desiree is not the one with the mixed blood. This letter symbolizes how Armand made the decision to abandoned his family in order to save his name, even though in the end he knows that the one with the cursed blood of slavery is him. The theme of this story is telling us that placing blame on outside forces can be tragic and misguided reaction leads to events that people encounter.

Indeed, I observe many aspects of this short story but the predominant one is that men back in the 1800s had the lead of the house. They were considered the superior authority and women were just the house wives who had to be isolated from the world. What is more ironic is that Armand had given up his marriage and condemned their child, burned everything that remind him of her and the baby, and curse God for his misfortune of having the mixed blood. In the end, all this came crashing down upon him when he found a simple letter with a very tragic significance to him. This tells us to never make an assumption that we latter might regret.



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Thermonuclear physics

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Thermonuclear physics even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Thermonuclear physics in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

The physics of high-temperature, multi-keV, collisionless plasmas, usually immersed in a magnetic field of complex geometry, is dominated by the behavior of unique many-body systems in which collective phenomena dominate over rare two-body collisions. These plasmas are usually far from the thermodynamic equilibrium, due to sources of mode-excitation energy that owe their existence to factors including electrodynamic forces with spatial inhomogeneties (this is the case in magnetic or inertial confinement systems with gradients of density, temperature, magnetic field, etc.); the presence of high-energy subgroups of particles (or beams); and large-amplitude electromagnetic waves that propagate in the plasma and transfer their energy, inducing strong nonlinear interactions among background collective modes and charged particles.

At MIT, pioneering investigations on the physical properties of high temperature plasmas at very high densities have been carried out for more than two decades by the Alcator experimental program. Alcator is an acronym for the Latin phrase Alto Campo Torus, meaning high field torus. The Alcator A and C tokamaks in the 170s and 180s operated at very high magnetic fields (up to 1 Tesla) and ultra high densities (ne = x 1015cm­), and surpassed the minimum required value of the plasma density times every confinement time for fusion breakeven (although at lower temperatures then necessary for true breakeven conditions). At lower densities, significant toroidal plasma currents were generated efficiently by high-power traveling electromagnetic waves with frequencies in the GHz range.

The Alcator confinement and the current drive experiments both received the Excellence in Plasma Physics Research Award of the American Physical Society. Following these successes, the Plasma Science and Fusion Center proceeded to build a new, state-of-the-art high magnetic field experiment, Alcator C-Mod, which has an advanced magnetic divertor and allows for optimal shaping of the plasma cross-section. PSFC scientists have achieved truly exciting results by being able to heat high density plasmas in C-Mod to 6 keV temperature by injecting multi-MW radio frequency power at the ion cyclotron frequency (80 MHz). The ultimate goal of these experiments is to find a path to achieve thermonuclear ignition in laboratory experiments. Thus, a considerable effort is being devoted to the Ignitor project, first proposed and studied at MIT; this program has begun the construction of prototype components in Italy for the first machine capable of achieving fusion burn conditions.

We should also mention here the MIT experimental program in Inertial Fusion. Researchers and graduate students carry out experiments off-site at the Nova laser facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, as well as at the OMEGA facility at the University of Rochester. Their objective is to understand the physics of pellet implosion and fusion products during intense laser irradiation of targets.






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The Brown Pelican

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like The Brown Pelican even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like The Brown Pelican in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

The chemical DDT almost caused the demise of the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) in the 160s. Pelicans exposed to DDT laid eggs with thin or non-existent shells. Since DDT was banned in 17, brown pelicans have made a remarkable recovery.



Increased efforts for seabird restoration, research, and monitoring are clearly needed in Californias four national marine sanctuaries, Gulf of the Farallones, Cordell Bank, Monterey Bay, and Channel Islands. Over the past 00 years, seabird populations in California have been negatively impacted by a multitude of anthropogenic threats, especially oil pollution, gill net fishing, contaminants, disturbance at breeding colonies, loss of nesting habitats, and depredation. Populations of several resident seabird species have declined and/or experienced poor reproduction. These include ashy storm-petrel, brown pelican, common murre, marbled and Xantuss murrelets, and least tern. Even with substantial efforts over the past few decades by federal and state agencies to protect seabirds, many populations and breeding colonies have not recovered to historic sizes or distributions, apparently due to a significant extent to massive past impacts and continuing anthropogenic impacts from several sources. Oil pollution, in particular, will occur into the foreseeable future given extensive oil tanker traffic into Los Angeles, San Francisco, and other ports; continued offshore oil production in Southern California; and chronic, illegal discharges by the shipping industry. Restoration projects are needed to reduce the impacts of certain anthropogenic sources on seabird populations. In conjunction with other management actions, restoration projects should allow many seabird populations to better sustain future injuries and to recover over time.




The National Marine Sanctuary Program has become a major partner with the California Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Park Service to develop and implement large-scale restoration projects for seabirds in California, using funds from oil spill settlements. The first major seabird restoration project was initiated in 15 and aims to re-establish a former breeding colony of common murres at Devils Slide Rock south of San Francisco. About halfway through its 10-year planned duration, this project has had considerable success towards reaching this aim, with about 75 breeding pairs of common murres in 1. A second project, initiated in 18, involves public acquisition of residual old-growth forest in the Gazos Creek watershed.



Common murres (Uria aalge) nest in the densest colonies of all seabirds. Females lay one egg per season, holding the large pointed egg between their legs. Egg losses are high because of predation and disturbance by eagles and gulls.



The acquired land is used as nesting habitat by threatened marbled murrelets. By effectively managing this property, potential loss of nesting habitat through logging has been prevented, and reduced forest fragmentation and reduced disturbance should lead to reduced nest depredation and increased breeding success in this and neighboring areas. These two projects have helped to restore seabirds in the Gulf of the Farallones, Cordell Bank, and northern Monterey Bay national marine sanctuaries, using funds from the Apex Houston oil spill settlement.





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Rates of reactions between HCL and magnesium ribbon

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Rates of reactions between HCL and magnesium ribbon

Aim

I plan to investigate the effect of concentration of acid, in the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon. The rate of a chemical reaction is a measure of how fast the reaction takes place. It is important to know that a rapid reaction is completed in a short period of time. Some reactions are very fast, for example; the formation of silver chloride precipitates when silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid solutions are mixed. In this investigation I will test different concentrations of acid reacting with magnesium.

/Plan




To investigate what effect concentration of sodium thiosulphate has on the rate of reaction. The volume of HCL needs to be kept at 10cm constantly each time. Start with 60cm of sodium thiosulphate. Last reaction will have only 10cm of sodium thiosulphate.

Reactions will be completed when the x disappears, for the timing to stop. Three reactions will be made for each test; this is done to gain the different averages.

Introduction

I will be conducting an experiment on the rate of reaction for my GCSE coursework. I will be doing this coursework for a period of two weeks. We will be reacting sodium thiosulphate with hydrochloric acid. I will be investigating the effects had on rate of reaction.

When sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric are mixed, a yellow precept of sulphur is produced. The solution becomes increasingly difficult to see through as more and more sulphur is formed.

Prediction

My prediction is that as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases, the time taken for the magnesium to disappear decreases. I predict that when the concentration of the hydrochloric acid doubles, the rate of the reaction doubles.

Background Knowledge

Rate is a measure of how fast or slow something is. For example, Silver Chloride precipitating (this is a very fast reaction) and Concrete setting (it may take a couple of days for concrete to harden). Rate is a measure of the change that happens in a single unit of time. Any suitable unit of time can be used - a second, a minute, an hour and even a day.

To find the rate of reaction, you should measure The amount of reactant used up per unit of time or the amount of a product produced per unit of time.

We are going to do an experiment on the rate of reaction. We are using acid and magnesium strips to test the rate of reaction.

Rates of reaction can be varied by a number of factors

? The concentration of the acid in which the magnesium is placed,

? The temperature of the acid and

? The size of the surface area of the magnesium strip.

Why rate changes with concentration If the concentration of the acid is increased, the reaction goes faster.

1

- Acid Particle

- Water Molecule

- Magnesium Atoms

1. In dilute acid, there are not so many acid particles. This means there is not much chance of an acid particle hitting a magnesium atom.

. Here the acid is more concentrated - there are more acid particles in it. There is now more chance of a successful collision occurring.

The more successful collisions there are the faster the reaction.

This idea also explains why the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid slows down as time goes on

1

- Acid Particle

- Water Molecule

- Magnesium Atoms

1. At the start, there are plenty of magnesium atoms and acid particles. But they get used up during successful collisions.

. After a time, there are fewer magnesium atoms, and the acid is less concentrated. So the reaction slows down.

Why rate changes with the temperature At low temperatures particles of reacting substances do not have much energy. However, when the substances are heated, the particles take in energy. This causes them to move faster and collide more often. The collisions have more energy, so more of them are successful. Therefore the rate of reaction increases.

Why rate increases with surface area The reaction between the magnesium and acid is much faster when the metal is powdered

1

- Acid Particle

- Water Molecule

- Magnesium Atoms

1. Acid particles can collide only with magnesium atoms on the outside of the metal.

. When the metal is powdered, many more atoms are exposed. So there is a greater chance of successful collisions.

For my experiment my independent variable will be the concentration of the acid. I chose this as my independent variable as I feel this is the safest and easiest way to carry out the experiment. If I was to choose the temperature of the acid as my independent variable, and if I were to heat the acid too much it may boil and produce a corrosive gas, which would life threatening. It would be difficult to work out an accurate reading of the surface area if I was to choose the surface area as my independent variable.

Linking prediction to theory

Reaction rate and concentration.

The collision theory describes how the rate of reaction increases (the time taken for the magnesium ribbon to disappear when it is reacted with hydrochloric acid) when the concentration of HCL increases. As the reaction continues, the concentration of the reacting substances decreases and so does the rate of reaction. The reaction is speeded up if the number of collisions is increased. The higher the concentration of HCL you use, the less time it takes for the magnesium to disappear and so the rate reaction increases. If the activation energy is high only a small amount of particles will have enough energy to react so the reaction rate would be very small, however the activation energy is very low the number of particles with that amount of energy would be so high, so start, so the reaction rate would be higher.

Apparatus

Hydrochloric acid( mole)

Water(to dilute acid)

10ml testube

magnesium(cm long)

stop clock(sensitivity 1/10s)

beaker

In order to conduct any type of experiment, you need equipment. The equipment I used was a

Measuring Cylinder

Small measuring cylinder

Flask

beakers

Pad (marked with black cross) white cross

Timer

Method

To get the amount of magnesium and the amount of hydrochloric acid to use in the situation, we have to use an excess of acid so that all of the magnesium disappears.

An equation for the reaction

Magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen

Mg(s) + HCL(aq)Mgcl(aq) + H(g)

1mole moles 1mole 1mole

So we can say that one mole of magnesium reacts with moles of hydrochloric acid. Throughout the experiment, we diluted the acid solution using water, as we did this the concentration of the acid decreased. Then 8ml of acid and ml of water solution on the magnesium, measured time taken for magnesium to disappear using stop clock. Then 7ml of acid and ml of acid, repeated as above. This way the rate of reaction(the time taken for the magnesium to disappear) was measured accurately for a fair test.

Results

The results for the time taken for magnesium to disappear when it is placed in different concentrations of acid are summarised below.

Analysis of results

From the results in the table and the graph we can see a steady increase in the rate of reaction as the concentration of the acid decreases. This complies with my prediction. The graph shows that there is an increase in the rate of reaction as the concentration increases because the graph has its largest gradient or it is steepest at this point. When the graph was made into 1/time the result should have been a straight line graph but it did not turn out this way even though concentration~1/time. This 1/time graph could be wrong because of inaccurate results so there seems to be no relationship between the concentration graph and the 1/time graph. We can see from the rate of reaction graph that when the concentration roughly doubles from (1.8 moles to moles) the rate of the reaction doubles (from 5 to 60 seconds). Also we can see that as the reaction continues the concentration of the reactants decrease and so does the rate of the reaction as we can see the decreasing gradient on the graph steadily falling and coming to a stop when the reaction is complete and the magnesium has completely disappeared.

Conclusion

I can conclude that if you double the concentration of the acid the reaction rate would also double, this is because the ions are closer together in a concentrated solution. The closer together they are, the more often the ions collide. The more often they collide, the higher the chance of a reaction between the magnesium and the hydrochloric acid. Also because there are more particles in the solution which would increase the likelihood that they would hit the magnesium so the reaction rate would increase. The graph gives us a good device to prove that if you double the concentration the rate of reaction doubles. If you increase the number of particles in the solution it is more likely that they will collide more often. In the reaction, when the magnesium hit the acid, it fizzed and produced many bubbles it was silver in colour (which is one of magnesiums physical properties silvery

white metallic element), the activation energy of a particle gets higher with heat, the particles which have to have the activation energy are those particles which are moving, in the case of magnesium and hydrochloric acid, it is the hydrochloric acid particles which have to have the activation energy because they are the ones that are moving and bombarding the magnesium particles to produce magnesium chloride. The graph for 1/time had the form of an s curve and it did have some relationship with the other graph.

Conclusion

The experiments made were very successful and we had managed to complete the experiment fully and fairly.

The fastest reaction made was with no water, 60 cm of sodium this sulphate and 10 cm acid. This reaction is very fast with a time average of 44.1 seconds. The slowest reaction made was with 50 cm of water, 10 cm of sodium thiosulphate and 10-cm acid. This reaction was very slow with a time of 4,4.5 minutes in average. But this average time has mainly been made with the one anomalous result in a certain reaction. The reaction was stopped at 61.46, but the reaction was still not finished. It seemed that the chemicals in the flask had only reacted halfway, then it just stopped reacting.

Evaluation

There are many reasons why our results for the 1/time graph did not prove the point that concentration~1/time, such as

1. When the reaction takes place bubbles of H are given off, which might stay around the magnesium, which therefore reduces the surface area of the magnesium and so the acid cannot react properly so this affects the results.

. We could have controlled factors in the investigation better (e.g. the stirring of the solution because if this is not done properly it can lead to incorrect results).

. Using larger concentrations of acid would give a bigger more accurate conclusion instead of just using 10ml test tubes use 1litre test tubes, this way graphs would be more spaced out and give an accurate form or curve.

Interpretation and Evaluation

In this experiment I found out that many different factors including; Concentration, Temperature and Surface Area affect the rate of reaction. For the experiment I found out that the higher the concentration of the acid the quicker it takes to dissolve the magnesium. I know this because the more acid molecules that is in the beaker there is more chance of a successful collision to take place. Another factor that I learned is that the rate is constantly changing during the reaction because as time goes on there are fewer acid molecules. There are fewer acid molecules because when the acid reacts the same particle cannot react again, so there are less to end with than there are to start with. As time goes on the number of acid particle decrease so there is less chance of a successful reaction to take place.

Before I started the experiment I made up a prediction. I predicted that the more concentrated the acid solution the faster the magnesium and hydrochloric acid will react. I thought that this would happen because when there are more acid particles in the test tube the more chance there is of a successful collision. I was right in my prediction but I did not predict that the rate of reaction slows down as time goes on which did happen in my experiment.

Improvements

The experiments were handled fairly but it could have been even more fair. Because The reaction was finished when the black cross on the pad dissapeared and this is only seen by the naked eye. With the whole class doing this with different eye types, there is no exact fairness in the experiment.

Fairness in this issue can be found by using devices such as a light sensor. The light sensor will pass through the flask, of were an reaction is taking place to a reciever. When the light sensor can not reach the reciever, the timing will be stopped automatically. This will bring fairness to experiments to test all similar to rate of reaction.

Variables

INDEPENDANT VARIABLE My independent variable is the concentration of the acid.

CONTROLLED VARIABLE My controlled variables are the temperature of the acid, the size of the surface area of the magnesium, the volume of the acid/water solution and the length of the magnesium strip.

DEPENDANT VARIABLE My dependant variables are the volume of the magnesium and the mass of the magnesium.

Apparatus

Stop Clock - Water -

Acid - Test Tube rack -

Test Tube - Magnesium -

Ruler - Scissors -

Beaker - Measuring Cylinder -

Safety

Safety is a very important part of this experiment as we are working with a corrosive chemical that is very dangerous. When carrying out the experiment, be sure to wear safety goggles as we are working with acid. When measuring out the different concentrations of acid, be careful not to spill it onto your hands or clothing.

Method

To begin with, set up all the apparatus in a safe position. Then make up the different concentrations of acid. To do this, add a quantity of water to the acid.

Water (cm) Acid (cm) Molarity Total (cm)

0 5 1 5

5 0 0.8 5

10 15 0.6 5

15 10 0.4 5

0 5 0. 5

Pour 5cm of each molarity of acid into a test tube. Then drop in a cm strip of magnesium. As soon as the magnesium strip drops, start the stop clock. When the magnesium is no longer visible, stop the stop clock and record the time. When the magnesium strip is dropped in a gas appears and it gives off a hissing noise. We can work out the name of this gas by solving a simple equation

Hydrogen Chloride + Magnesium = Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen

HCL + Mg = MgCL + H

Or collect this gas and test it with the POP� test to identify it as Hydrogen.

Do this with each of the different molarities and repeat this again at least two more times to ensure that an accurate result is achieved.

BOILING TUBE

ACID OF DIFFERENT

MOLARITIES

MAGNESIUM

STRIP (CM)

BOILING TUBE

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE

(THE MAGNESIUM HAS REACTED

WITH THE ACID AND HAS

DISSAPPEARED)

I will record the results in a table under the following headings

Molarity Volume (cm) Size of

Magnesium (cm) Time Taken

(sec) Rate of Reaction

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.

I will record the results in a graph under the following headings

T

I

M

E

(S

E

C)

MOLARITY OF SOLUTION

Prediction

I predict that the more concentrated the acid solution the faster the magnesium and hydrochloric acid will react. I think that this will happen because when there are more acid particles in the test tube the more chance there is of a successful collision

1

- Acid Particle

- Water Molecule

- Magnesium Atoms

1. The particles in the liquid move around continually. Here an acid particle is about to collide with a magnesium atom.

. If the collision has enough energy, reaction takes place. Magnesium chloride and hydrogen are formed.

. If the collision does not have enough energy, no reaction occurs. The acid particle bounces away again.

Results

1st results;

Molarity Volume (cm) Size of

Magnesium (cm) Time Taken

(sec) Rate of Reaction

1 5 5

0.8 5 6

0.6 5 11

0.4 5 516

0. 5 117

nd results;

Molarity Volume (cm) Size of

Magnesium (cm) Time Taken

(sec) Rate of Reaction

1 5 4

0.8 5 40

0.6 5 6

0.4 5 67

0. 5 NO TIME

rd results;

Molarity Volume (cm) Size of

Magnesium (cm) Time Taken

(sec) Rate of Reaction

1 5 6

0.8 5 8

0.6 5 61

0.4 5

0. 5 NO TIME

In some of the tests we had no time to complete them.

I also made a table for my average results;

Molarity Volume (cm) Size of

Magnesium (cm) Time Taken

(sec) Rate of Reaction

1 5 5

0.8 5 8

0.6 5 85

0.4 5 8

0. 5 117

I only recorded this result once because we had only enough time to test it once.



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Borderline Personality Disorder

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Borderline Personality Disorder even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Borderline Personality Disorder in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

Borderline Personality Disorder is like eternal hell. Pain, anger, confusion and hurt, are all feelings that occur from one minute to the next. I hurt those I love. I feel misunderstood. I analyze everything. There is nothing that really gives me pleasure. Once in a great while, I will get too happy and then anxious because I was happy. Sometimes I physically hurt myself. Then I feel guilty because I cut myself. I want to die; but I’m not able to kill myself because Id feel too much guilt for those Id hurt. I feel angry about being guilty; so I cut myself or try to over dose to make all the feelings go away.


Mental health authorities theorize that borderlines are born with an innate biological tendency to react more intensely to lower levels of stress than others and to take longer to recover. They peak higher emotionally and take longer to come down.


In addition, they were raised in environments in which their beliefs about themselves and their environment were continually devalued and invalidated. These factors combine to create adults who are uncertain of the truth of their own feelings, and who are confronted by three basic dialectics -- vulnerability vs. invalidation, active passivity (tendency to be passive when confronted with a problem and actively seek a rescuer) vs. apparent competence (appearing to be capable when in reality internally things are falling apart) and unremitting crises vs. inhibited grief -- they have failed to master and rush frantically from pole to pole. Other primitive defenses cited include magical thinking, beliefs that thoughts can cause events, omnipotence, projection of unpleasant characteristics in the self onto others and projective identification, a process where the borderline tries to evoke in others the feelings she/he is having.


Signs also include chaotic, extreme relationships with others, an inability to retain the soothing memory of a loved one, transient psychotic episodes, denial and emotional amnesia. About the last, Borderline individuals are so completely in each mood, they have great difficulty remembering what its like to be in another mood.





People with Borderline Personality Disorder experience such violent and frightening mood swings that they often fear for their sanity. They can be euphoric one moment, despairing and depressed the next.


There are an estimated 10 million sufferers of Borderline Personality Disorder living in America today. Each one displaying remarkably similar symptoms a shaky sense of identity, sudden violent outbursts, over sensitivity to real or imagined rejection, brief, turbulent love affairs, frequent periods of intense depression, eating disorders, drug abuse, and other self-destructive tendencies, an irrational fear of abandonment and an inability to be alone. The world of a borderline, like that of a child, is split into heroes and villains.


A child emotionally, the borderline cannot tolerate human inconsistencies and ambiguities; she/he cannot reconcile good and bad qualities into a constant coherent understanding of another person. At any particular moment, one is either good or evil. There is no in-between, no gray area; people are idolized one day and totally devalued and dismissed the next. Normal people can experience two contradictory states in harmony; borderline’s shift back and forth, entirely unaware of one feeling state while in the other. 


This is an example of the daily struggle that millions of Americans, diagnosed with borderline personality disorder face. Living life from day to day is a struggle. There are as always good and bad days. The good days are great, and the bad days are horrible.


With proper medication and therapy borderline personality disorder can be controlled. Borderlines can start to feel whole again. The stress of daily life can seem not so bad. All the mixed emotions that occur from one minute to the next can subside just long enough to have a good day. The pain and feelings of wanting to die and the urge to hurt myself slowly goes away. The eternal hell that is life slowly becomes bearable and it isn’t so bad being alive.








Works Cited


“Overview of Borderline Personality Disorder.” 11 October 00


http//www.borderlinedisorders.com.


“BPD Research Foundation.” 11 October 00


http//www.borderlineresearch.org.


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Comparison of To His Coy Mistress and The Sun Rising

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Comparison of To His Coy Mistress and The Sun Rising even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Comparison of To His Coy Mistress and The Sun Rising in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

The Sun Rising by John Donne


In my opinion, this is one of the very great poems in the English language. It is essentially a dramatic poem the poet and his mistress or his wife are in bed together, deeply in love, as the sunlight streams into the bedroom through the curtained windows.


At one level, the poem is one enormous joke at the suns expense. Because the couple feel that their life together is perfect and complete, without any need for anything or anyone else, the poet tells the sun to stop being a nuisance and to leave them alone. He then tells the sun that the world of ordinary people outside the window isnt the real world, and that his lover is worth much more than anything the sun can ever find outside that bedroom, which has become the real world as far as the lovers are concerned.


At a deeper level, Donne argues that Love is the ultimate reality, beyond the limits of Time and Space. Love is, in fact, eternal.





Stanza 1


This is the only love poem ever written which begins with the words Busy old fool!. Donne is mocking the sun, telling it to run away and hurry up schoolboys and apprentices, or to remind the ambitious that it is time to go off to the royal court to seek their fortunes. But with the last two lines, the poets voice changes, as turns to the deeper, more serious aspect of the lovers experience. Notice how after the grand statement that Love is beyond seasons or places, the pace of the writing slows down with the long vowels of days, hours, months. The rapidly changing tone -- like the voice of an actor -- is one of the glories of Donnes writing, and of this poem in particular.


Stanza


At the beginning, Donne is teasing again the sun need not think it is so high and mighty because the poet can make it disappear by closing his eyes in a wink -- except that he does not want to lose sight of the woman at his side for even as short a time as that. Then Donne compares her to the world of rich spices and gold and silver in the East and West Indies, and himself to the kings of those countries, before changing tone again in lines that are the more beautiful for their simplicity


Ask for those kings whom thou sought yesterday,


And thou shalt hear All here in one bed lay.


Stanza


The first three lines are another miracle of simplicity the eternity of Love is contained in three words


Nothing else is


This is great writing indeed. It is followed by those splendid lines in which Donne turns to the sun again and welcomes him into the bedroom like an elderly gentleman in need of rest and good company, before closing with the memorable line


This bed thy centre is, these walls thy sphere.


which brings the poem to a perfect conclusion.


Bullet Point Notes On The Poem


• Re-uses the notion of Hundreds of Petrachan and Elizabethan poems that the Sun is the touchstone of ecstatic tribute


• The exaggeration of language mimics the assurance of love


• Every insult to the Sun is a compliment to his mistress.


• Note the movement of the poem. In Stanza 1, Love and the Sun are separate. By Stanza , Donne has joined the two - love and the Sun are one and the same. The poem also becomes more intellectual as it advances - possibly as the speaker and his lover wake up! However, this intellectuality also, ironically, takes the poem from the plausible to the ridiculous. A simple way to examine the movement of this poem is to examine the first lines of each stanza.


1. Busy old fool, unruly Sun


. Thy beams, so reverend and strong,


Why shouldst thou think?


. Sheis all States, and all Princes, I


• Note the constant use of Sun-related imagery Eclipse and cloud in stanza , these walls, thy sphere in Stanza . The sphere is significant - circles and spheres were considered the perfect shapes. By the last word of the last stanza, Donne, his love, and the Sun are united.


• There is a very sensual aspect to this poem the glow of the sun, the extremes of conceit, perhaps an element of a sexual boast with All here in one bed lay in stanza .





Mind that the sample papers like Comparison of To His Coy Mistress and The Sun Rising presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Organisational and Managerial Performance

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Organisational and Managerial Performance even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Organisational and Managerial Performance in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

Organisational and Managerial Performance


How, when, where and by whom should organisational, managerial, product and service performance be measured?


Organisational and managerial performance can be measured in a variety of ways. All methods of measuring performance can be guided by a set of common requirements as stated by Pettinger1. For and organisation and its managers, it is essential that “clarity and purpose of direction” is present. The importance here is that without this element, the measurement of an organisation’s performance is meaningless. There is nothing to measure because the meaning of “success” within the organisation has not been defined. A second prerequisite for the effective measurement of successful performance is an adequate level of resources. These may include staff (and related training facilities), information systems and investment. The expertise required to analyse performance results is an obvious requirement. This leads us to the third requirement, an understanding of the market and environment in which the organisation operates. This again is vital because the measurement of performance is usually in done in terms of a specific market or industry. These three fundamentals lead the way for various measure of performance to be carried out with a sense of direction. Performance measurement itself can be divided into a range of areas.


Organisational Performance





Organisational performance is by and large measured quantitavely. This is done using various indicators. In his book “Introduction to Management” Pettinger highlights the following components of performance measurement. In terms of an organisation, I would specify these particular components from the range stated by Pettinger.


Firstly, the profitability of the organisation is an evident indicator of its success. This is a specific, quantitative measure and is simple to calculate and can be evaluated in a straightforward manner. Profit ratios can be presented in reports and this is commonly done due to its simplicity. A profit ratio is defined as follows


Profit ratio = (Net profit / Total Sales)100


This figure can be made readily available to analysts and managers for them to assess the success of the organisation. The use of this indicator is related to when it would be most necessary. For example, seasonal products and services such as holidays and antifreeze will have their profitability assessed in the build-up to periods of high demand and also following such periods.


Market standing and position is also an indicator of the success of an organisation. This can be measured using intelligence information gathered on leading competitors as well as performing market research. The organisations position in the market in relation to its desired position at a particular point in time is clearly a way of evaluating its progression towards it long-term goals. This research should be conducted throughout the industry in order to obtain a clear picture of the organisations market standing. Quantitavely, an organisation’s market position could be measured using concentration ratios similar to those used in economic theory. For example, a five-firm concentration ratio measures the proportion of total sales in a market made up by the total of the five firms with the largest sales. In terms of a single organisation, an equivalent ratio would be


Market share = (Total Revenue / Total Industry Revenue)100


The market share indicator would typically be calculated every six to twelve months using information gathered by finance departments. In the longer term, (for example some firms have a “five-year plan”) market share would indicate the success of the organisation more generally and would be viewed by potential investors to be a key indicator.


Pettinger also mentions “resource utilisation” as an important component of measuring organisational performance. A successful organisation will be efficient in its production of goods and/or services. Wastage would be viewed as a sign of inefficiency. Economic analysis can be used to evaluate to efficiency of a firm. Productive efficiency (i.e. when a firm produces at the lowest average cost) and allocative efficiency (i.e. when a firm produces where price is equated to marginal cost) are two points that firms may wish to aim for. However, this again depends on the firm’s long-term objectives as well as the share of the market which it occupies. As you can see, many of the performance measuring components are related to each other.


Organisational culture is a good way to gauge the level of motivation and morale in a firm. The relationships within a firm are important to its functioning and these interactions (for example, between departments or between regional sites) need to be well oiled to ensure the long-term success of an organisation. Such qualitative measures are commonly conducted using a mixture of in-house research in the form of questionnaires and also external observers such as management consultants. It is important that these types of measure are regularly and consistently executed in order to avoid inefficiencies.


Managerial Performance


Managerial performance measurement is instantly recognised as dissimilar to organisational performance measurement due to its less quantitative nature. It tends to be based more on value judgements and is therefore less straightforward to execute.


Managerial performance can be measured at different levels and across different departments. It includes assessing the strengths and weaknesses of managers and will also aim to gauge the effort put in by the managers to iron out the creases in their performance.


A clear link to managers is the staff that work beneath them. The efficiency, morale and productivity of the staff are, in my opinion, a reflection on the managers that they work under. Staff performance can be measured in terms of productivity (output per worker) and this is one of a few quantitative measures that can be used to measure the performance of managers. The development of the management as a response to changing market conditions and also changing conditions within the organisation is seen as a key indicator of the management’s performance. Managers with such dynamic qualities will tend to perform to a superior standard.


Style of management will also be scrutinised when measuring performance. For example, does the manager take a hands on or detached approach. The amount of time that a manager spends interacting with lower levels in an organisations workforce as a proportion of the total hours worked by the manager can be used to evaluate a manager’s dedication to improving the performance of the organisation as a whole. It is commonly accepted that a manager with detailed knowledge of the working of the organisation at many different levels is in more of a position to introduce effective changes and manage them successfully.


It is necessary to constantly evaluate to performance of managers because they are highly paid and in order to justify their salaries, their performance must be up to standard.


Product and Service Performance


The performance of products and services can be measured in qualitative and quantitative means. Many of the methods will overlap with those used to measure organisational performance. For example, market share and profit ratios are good indicators of the success of a product or service as well as a straightforward measure of the management of their production. And again, market research and sales statistics play a vital role in measuring the success of a product or service.


Performance Appraisal


Performance appraisal is used to measure the performance of different factors of an organisation at the place of work. Pettinger states that for appraisal to be successful and effective, certain elements must be present. For example, a set of aims and objectives is a prerequisite. Targets should be realistic for them to be taken seriously. Also, the process of appraisal must entails regular reviews and these must be done consistently in order for confidence to be built into the system. These reviews should occur every three to six months and the process should be dynamic to cope with changing circumstances between reviews.


Stakeholders


To address the question of “by whom” is performance measured, it is necessary to look to the stakeholders in an organisation. A stakeholder is defined as anyone who has some sort involvement in any part of the organisation or is affected directly as a result of the organisations operations. A few of the potential stakeholders who actively or indirectly may assess the performance of an organisation are summarised below


• The customers � Their interests lie in the organisation’s success at providing a quality service.


• Workforce � Staff working inside the organisation will be eager to get involved in making decisions at different levels and being given the opportunity to do so.


• Investors � This group of people will obviously be interested in the performance of an organisation and its managers because it is what their involvement is based upon.


• Competitors � In order to evaluate their own performance, competitors will need to measure up to an organisation and assess its performance to possibly provide a benchmark to aim for.


• Suppliers � These have a vested interest in the performance of the organisation that they supply because of the derived demand for their own products or services.


Different stakeholders will have interests in different measure of performance. For example, consumers will not be interested to know what percentage of market share the manufacturer of their coffee table occupies. Similarly, suppliers will not have an interest in the quality of service encountered in a particular branch of the organisation that they supply.


As mentioned earlier, it is vital that an organisation has a clear set of aims and objectives otherwise the monitoring of performance becomes a pointless exercise. There are a range of quantitative and qualitative measure that can be utilised when attempting to measure both managerial and organisational performance. As well as these, there are a range of various stakeholders with different interests in various parts of the organisation. In conclusion, it is important for all concerned that effective performance evaluation is executed at the right times and by the correct individuals or groups. Without effective assessment of organisational progress, any aims and objectives that exist within the organisation are themselves made worthless. The Deming cycle of continuous improvement shown below is a useful tool for aiding measurement


PLAN Establish performance objectives and standards.


DO Measure actual performance.


CHECK Compare actual performance with the objectives and standards � determine the gap.


ACT Take the necessary actions to close the gap and make the necessary improvements.


Before this cycle is used however, the questions of why measure, what to measure, where to measure and how to measure must be answered.


Identify specific performance measures that could be used to analyse each of the following products and services from the following points of view (a) the company itself; (b) customers, clients and end users; (c) suppliers; (d) the community at large.


• Easyjet


• People carrier cars


• Madame Tussauds


In order to answer this question, it is important to recognise that each of the above points of view will entail different measure of performance, but possibly with some degree of overlapping. For example, the performance indicators used by the suppliers would be similar to those used by the company itself due to the nature of the demand for the suppliers goods (i.e. the demand is derived). Also, the interests of the community may possibly be a reflection on the interests of the customers, clients and end users.


The company itself would be interested in its own performance in order to monitor its progress towards its fulfilment of the aims and objectives it has set out. Customers, clients and end users would be interested in the continuation of satisfaction and service as well as possible improvements for the future. The suppliers clearly would have a strong interest in the performance of the organisations because the demand for their products and services is derived. The community at large would also have an interest in the performance of the organisation because the operation of the organisation may entail externalities.


The table below will summarise the indicators that I suspect the stated stakeholders would scrutinise





Company Customers, Clients and End Users


Suppliers


Community





Market share


Profitability Price competitiveness Profitability


Revenue performance Externalities eg noise pollution





Market share


After sales service quality Key


Relationships with suppliers. Externalities


Specifically, efforts taken to reduce them





Creativity


Staff Performance


Customer service





N/A


Public relations and image


Apply the measure that you have identified to each of these products and services. Draw conclusions as to the extent to which each of these products and services may be considered successful or not, and from which points of view.





The Company’s Point of View


As stated in my response to question two, the following performance indicators are those which I have selected to assess easyJet.com from the point of view of the company itself market share; and profitability.


Market Share


According to information taken from a press release posted on the easyJet website (easyjet.com) “the airline has grown organically at over 40%, added eight new routes from London Gatwick, increasing the number of services to eleven (as British Airways scaled back its operations) and gained a foothold in Paris Charles de Gaulle and Orly from which it operates on four routes.”


The low cost airline industry has seen the emergence of a new market leader. The acquisition of Go Fly in July 00 meant that easyJet could emulate the effect of many years of “organic growth” in one single step. Therefore in terms of the market share indicator, easyJet has succeeded in becoming the largest airline of its type in Europe. This is positive news and reflects on the performance of the management in executing the acquisition of Go Fly as well as the management of change associated with such a large scale operation.


Profitability


The profit made by easyJet has jumped by 78% to £7 million following the acquisition of Go Fly. Profit before tax, goodwill and exceptionals is up 86% to £81.8m (001 £44.1m). This substantial increase in profits can be put down again to the success of the management because it is related to the acquisition of Go Fly. There is limited support for this argument however. Making such an assumption in this case is justified because of the nature of the source. Overall, I would say that easyJet has performed well in terms of profitability.


The Customers’, Clients’ and End Users’ Point of View


The indicators that I am going to use to assess the company from this point of view are as follows price competitiveness.


Price Competitiveness


To gauge price competitiveness between easyJet and a competitor, I checked the price of a one way evening flight on 1th December 00 from London to Amsterdam.


I used the two airlines’ websites to find this information (www.easyjet.co.uk and www.buzzaway.com). The prices are shown below.





£50.40


£87.50


For an almost homogenous product, the prices are significantly different. This would imply that easyJet is possibly benefiting from economies of scale and passing these benefits on to the consumer in the form of lower fares. The press release mentioned earlier also stated that the average net fare is down 4% to £46.


As an obvious stakeholder, the customer will have a vested interest in the continuation of low fares and a satisfactory level of service. Therefore, I would say that easyJet has succeeded in fulfilling consumer requirements because their interests will predominantly lie in paying the lowest price available for the service in question. A fact that supports this is that passenger number’s are up 4% to 10.m (001 7.1m). The following table also illustrates passenger number performance


November 00 November 001 Year-on-year increase Rolling 1 months ending 0 November 00


Passengers1 1,48,75 60,8 114.5% 1,056,645


Load Factor 80.5% 85.% 84.%


The Suppliers’ Point of View


The main supplier to easyJet is Airbus. In October 00, this company was selected by easyJet to supply 40 new aircraft in a deal which is expected to provide easyJet with “significant financial benefits.” The two indicators that I selected to asses the company from this point of view were, profitability and revenue performance.


Revenue Performance


Profitability has already been analysed and the conclusion was that it easyJet is performing well as a result of the acquisition of Go Fly. Revenue on the other hand has not been analysed. According to the press release, revenues were up by 55% to £55m in 00 (001 £75m). This would be encouraging news for Airbus. This is due to the fact that demand for their aircraft is derived from the demand for flights. The increase in revenues would suggest that in the following year(s), even more aircraft may be required by easyJet and therefore Airbus would be able to execute the required investment in order to cope with future demand.


The Community at Large Point of View


Externalities


The indicator that I have selected to assess the performance of easyJet from the point of view of the community at large is the extent to which it yields externalities such as noise and visual pollution.


Hard evidence to support the existence of such externalities is limited. However, recent controversies involving airports and flight routes over surrounding urbanised areas have brought this issue to light. Local people are far from satisfied with noise pollution as a result of regular flights over their houses in the vicinity of Gatwick airport, where the bulk of easyJet’s flights are from in the UK. In this respect, it would be fair to say that easyJet has underperformed. In spite of this, easyJet are fortunate that the finger has not been pointed bluntly at them due to the fact that many other airlines fly to and from Gatwick every day and this helps to mask them from each other.





The company that I have chosen to assess for my people carrier performance indicators is Toyota UK Plc. The specific vehicle is the Toyota Previa, the car that launched the concept of the people carrier in the mid 180s.


The Company’s Point of View


The indicators that I have selected to assess the performance of the Toyota Previa as a product from the company’s point of view are as follows market share.


Market Share


Toyota was the world’s third largest producer of vehicles in 001 with 5,8,000 vehicle sales. In the UK, the Toyota Previa is the second best selling people carrier with 18% of the market. The market leader is the Ford Galaxy with % of the market. The graph below shows the top three people carriers and their market shares.


From the graph it is clear to see that there is a large three-firm concentration ratio of 58% indicating that the market is dominated by these firms. Toyota can be pleased that their product is in second position in the market but if they want to dominate, then they need to address the relevant marketing strategies and prices.


The Customers’, Clients’ and End Users’ Point of View


After Sales Service


From this point of view I will use quality of after sales service as a measure of performance. I researched after sales service options and my results are as follows


I visited the Toyota website (www.toyota.co.uk) and localised my search to the “Owner’s Services” page. I found that the company offers a number of post purchase services to its customers. For example, there is “Club Toyota” and also “Toyota After Care Services and Products.” In terms of this particular investigation, the “Toyota After Care Services and Products” is the more important feature. This service includes extended warranties (at competitive prices), and Toyota’s own brand of after sales mechanical care in the form of “AutoBase Offers.” This service offers the customer to bring back their vehicles for regular maintenance in parts such as brakes, clutches, tyres and exhausts.


In conclusion, Toyota seems to be performing well in the after sales service department. Having spoken to a Toyota owner, I have deduced that there is a high level of customer satisfaction. And, as he put it, “the one time that my Celica did fail to start, Toyota were professional in their approach to the untimely inconvenience and had me on the road in no time.”


The Suppliers’ Point of View


Key relationships between suppliers and the firm are vital to the long-term success of the organisation. The age of such relationships is a key indicator of their reliability. Toyota’s main suppliers are located in Japan and below I have documented their names and the years of their establishment


Company Component Established


Aichi Steel Corporation Steel suppliers March 140


Hino Motors Trucks and buses January 14


Kanto Auto Works Ltd Steel body parts April 146





Toyota is a well established manufacturer of vehicles and the key to its success has partly been its long term relationships with its suppliers. As you can see from the table above, its main suppliers have been providing raw materials and prefabricated components since the 140s. These long term relationships instil confidence in the suppliers and this is a mutually beneficial scenario.


The Community at Large Point of View


The community at large is going to be concerned with the externalities associated with the production and use of the vehicles. In this section I will limit my investigation to the externalities associated with the use of the vehicles. Road transport imposes significant externalities on the community at large. Therefore, it would be in Toyota’s best interest to take steps to improve the efficiency of the engines that they produce (in terms of their public relations).


Below is data on Toyota’s research and development expenditure over the recent years


18 ¥444,400,000,000


000 ¥45,00,000,000


00 ¥5,500,000,000


This research and development expenditure has had tangible results in the form of technologically advanced engines. For example, the new hybrid engines that are available in the Previa (Japan only) are the world’s first. Their gasoline engines using new fuel injection systems are now 0% better on fuel economy and 0% lower on CO emissions. They have also made significant breakthroughs in the use of electric engines.


Toyota need to make this information available to the general public in order to satisfy the community at large that they are taking the necessary steps to reduce the externalities associated with private motoring.





The Company’s Point of View


Creativity


Being in the leisure industry, it is important to be constantly creative and this is why I have chosen this measure to assess the Tussauds group. This is a qualitative measure and therefore its execution requires value judgements. Evidence of creativity at Madame Tussauds is apparent. The main examples of this are the new features that are introduced with the latest waxworks. For example, the new Kylie Minogue waxwork has been positioned in the “sexiest pose ever” (Madame Tussauds spokesman) and features real breath and perfume odours. Having viewed the figure and other new figures, I would agree that Madame Tussauds has been very innovative in an effort to refresh its image.


Staff Performance


To assess the mood and productivity of the staff at Madame Tussauds, I interviewed an ex-employee, Sanaa Sheikh. I was investigating the working conditions at Madame Tussauds. Her general attitude to the attraction’s management was that they were “out of touch” with the workers at the lowest level in the staff hierarchy. This meant that they were made to do shifts where no work was actually done and time and therefore money was “shamelessly” wasted. She also said that the management were reluctant to take on ideas from the lower level staff and this meant that any suggestions to improve the efficiency of MT were never taken seriously. Therefore I would say that MT has failed to optimise the capabilities of their staff which has in turn resulted in low morale and lower productivity.


The Customers’, Clients’ and End Users’ Point of View with the Community at Large


MT’s mission statement includes the line “[we are] always striving to satisfy our visitors”. Having been to MT for the purposes of this investigation, the informal chats that I conducted with visitors on their way out of the building had a common theme. Most of them were happy with the customer service that they encountered inside. There were, however, complaints about the quality of service in the gift shop. Some of the interviewees also said that the younger members of staff (students etc) were less helpful than the older ones. In my own personal experience, I have found that the staff at MT are helpful and welcoming. This level of service helps to improve MT’s public image and will help to attract more visitors in the future. As a result, there will be increased business in the local area and these positive externalities will spread throughout a wider region.





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