krispy kreme 2

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Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. is a branded specialty retailer of premium quality doughnuts. The doughnut retailer started its operation in 17 when Vernon Rudolph, the company founder, realized the opportunities that existed in the thriving local economy of the developing southeastern city of Winston-Salem. Today, Krispy Kreme has its headquarters in Winston-Salem and sells approximately .5 million doughnuts daily. It has expanded its operations outside the southeast to many metropolitan markets receiving a flurry of excitement from customers with each new store opening. With its stock prices 70 times projected 00 earning per share the company’s executive management realizes the need for strong strategies and high growth potential.

Krispy Kreme has a vertically integrated company structure that supports and profits from high-volume production and sale of high quality doughnuts and coffee products. The company’s business is driven by two complementing business units store operations, both company and franchise, and Krispy Kreme Manufacturing and Distribution (KKM&D). The company’s revenue is derived from the sale of doughnuts produced and distributed by company owned stores and franchise store operations. Krispy Kreme’s unique business model is comprised of the company’s retail stores, which are high automated and produces high-volumes of doughnut products sold through multiple sales channels. KKM&D has developed important operating competencies and capabilities that are used to support the company’s stores by providing strong product knowledge and technical skills, and by maintaining control of all critical production and distribution processes.

When determining a long-term direction or a strategy, it is imperative that the executive management of Krispy Kreme analyze their industry’s dominant economic traits. These traits will help frame the window of strategic approaches Krispy Kreme can pursue. The impact that these traits can exhibit on a chosen strategy could prove to be significant, and therefore, they need to be considered in the infancy of strategic planning.

Krispy Kreme is competing in a $4.7 billion doughnut industry, with Americans consuming 10 billion doughnuts annually (statistics from 18 and 1). The industry is dominated by Dunkin’ Donuts, which has proven to be Krispy Kreme’s main competitor. Dunkin Donuts dominated the industry in 1, possessing nearly 77 percent of the U.S. market and pulling in $.1 billion in total U.S. sales. No other doughnut chain had as much as 10 percent of the market share at this time.




Krispy Kreme’s competitive rivalry is worldwide. Of its chief competitors, Dunkin Donuts and Winchell’s Donut House have chains globally. Dunkin Donuts has 5,00 stores worldwide with ,600 in the U.S, while Winchell’s has just 600 stores located in 10 states west of the Mississippi and in countries such as Guam and New Zealand. Tim Hortons are located in both the U.S. and Canada. There are 1,00 Tim Hortons stores in Canada and only 10 locations in the U.S. LaMar’s Donuts is a small rival with locations only in the U.S. With its purchase by Franchise Consortium International in 17, there are plans in the works to open 500 new stores by late 004.

When looking at the product life cycle of the doughnut for this industry, I believe that the doughnut is in the mature stage of its life cycle. It seems as if its sales have stabilized and that survival will be for those retailers who can differentiate their product and brand image. Price wars and intense competition are present in the industry and the market appears saturated, leading many smaller producers to exit the market due to poor profit margins.

Krispy Kreme customers consist of people of all ages, races, and gender. The increasing domestic and world population provides significant opportunities for the doughnut industry to increase sales. Increasing work opportunities are resulting in continuous shifts in population to different geographical areas, both locally and globally. As the population is showing a growing trend from traditional ways of eating to more non-traditional ways, this gives rise to the growth in different needs and consumption patterns, especially in the populations approach towards fast foods. This could be an encouraging sign for Krispy Kreme.

In the doughnut industry very few organizations have tried to strengthen their competitive position with vertical integration. Krispy Kreme has established sizable cost savings, as well as alleviated the uncertainty of being dependent on suppliers for the crucial components needed to stay in business through backward integration. Their major competitors are all solely in the production and retail of coffee and baked goods.

Many retailers in the doughnut industry have several distribution channels. The larger establishments, such as Krispy Kreme, Dunkin Donuts, and Tim Hortons have distribution centers that supply the stores with essential supplies in core areas of their business. In addition, some retailers use supermarkets, convenience stores and other retailers as channels for distributing their products.

When looking at the barriers to enter into this industry, I believe that there are moderate barriers that exist. Capital requirements to construct a retail operation or franchise territories can range as high as $5 million. Experience and proven organizational capabilities are necessary to compete in this industry.

The globe is becoming smaller and smaller with every passing day thanks to technology. Technology has given many nations better standards of living, better businesses, and most importantly much healthier lives. New and more innovative equipment is available for producing doughnut products. The implementation of the latest technology in all business aspects, e.g. manufacturing, administration, finance, marketing, gives this industry unlimited opportunities to enter new markets and meet the demand of both existing and new customers.

The product characteristics in the doughnut industry are highly homogeneous. The products of different producers are essentially identical, where many buyers perceive little real difference from seller to seller. However, avid consumers of doughnuts tend to be brand loyalist and aware of product differentiations.



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Economic Growth

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ECONOMIC GROWTH

EXAMINE AND ACCOUNT FOR AUSTRALIA’S PRESENT GROWTH RATE

Australia’s present growth rate is one of the highest in the world; in fact its average annual growth rate is higher than the average growth rate of the world.

Economic growth is when an economy produces more goods and services in a given year than in the previous year. But to find real economic growth (increase in real GDP), the effect of inflation must be taken out of account.




In the June quarter of 00 Australia’s economy grew by a minute 0.1%, the lowest since the December quarter of 000. Over the year the economy grew by %.

As one can see from the above graph, the rate of economic growth has gradually been slowing down after a sharp increase in the year 001.

As you can see on the table to the right (extracted from the RBA’s Statement on Monetary Policy, 10/11/0, page 1), the components of the Australian economy grew very quickly for the year to June quarter of 00, but the decrease in Net Exports resulted in a lower growth of %. The main reasons for why Net Exports fell so sharply are because

• Farm GDP has had negative growth of -.1%. This has resulted in less agricultural exports.

• A weak global economy has resulted in a decline in the purchasing of Australian exports.

• The increase in the Australian dollar has resulted in our exports becoming more expensive and so countries buy less.

So as one can see, the domestic economy grew very strongly but the negative growth in the net exports sector resulted in a much lower growth rate.



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"A good education is the only path to success"

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like "A good education is the only path to success" even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like "A good education is the only path to success" in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

Nowadays, while some people are trying hard to study skills as much as they wish and acquire knowledge as much as they can, some people seem to ignore formal education which is conducted in Educational Institutions. This differentiation is affected by different background of living, social condition, and opinion. This causes some people to think that the only way that can lead them to success is Education, meanwhile the other have different idea that they have others ways could bring them to success.

As we can see in the real society, educated people are usually got more respect and value than uneducated. This is because of most of them often succeed in their performance of daily life such as successful in getting a job, solving problems, doing business, and achieve what they wish. In reality, jobs are the required and wished carriers of most of educated people. The people who want fulfill this wishes, they must study to get knowledge that relate to those jobs. Without knowledge they are not hired. This is one of success of education. For example, if people want to be accountant in private company, if they have no any knowledge of Accounting, they are not employed because they are not satisfied with having no knowledge of accounting.

Solving problems, which can provide them the needed result, is another success of education. When they study, they are educated many solutions and ideas of famous people to use as the background of solving common problems which are usually occurred. In case they meet those problems in the real situation, they can use those backgrounds to deal these problems easily and successfully without taking much time.

Besides these two forms of success, education also provides another success of doing business. Business is required flexible ideas, performances and strong determination with being patient. It can help people to make a huge amount of money with their knowledge and flexibility which they have acquired so far in their education. When they were studying, they could come out with many ideas of how to do business well, how to make a good decision, how to make a lot of money, how to sell product or services increasingly, how to persuade customer… and after got these ideas, it would be easy for them to run their own business or being hired to do for other people. And most of them often got success without failures. Because of these successes, people have an opinion that education is the only path that can bring them to success.




In opposite to the above opinion, some people, even they haven’t got any education, they are also successful in their life as well. Sometimes, some uneducated people can run a business better than educated one because they have much experiences and those of things usually continue from one generation to another. For example, the Chinese people who live in Cambodia, they know how to do business well even they haven’s studied at school at all and they also make a large amount of money amazingly. At last, they want to transfer that business to their next generation to continue. And these next generations don’t need to study at school, what they should do are just listen and observe what their previous generations have been done so far. And most of them usually succeed in those business. That’s why some people don’t agree to Education is the only path to success.

In conclusion, education helps people a lot to achieve their performances of their daily life and it cannot be considered as the only path to success because there is also exception besides education that can lead people to success as well. Otherwise, as a comment, even though education is not the only path to success, but it is the best way that can lead and help people to success. Therefore, people should try their best to study hard and to acquire knowledge as much as they can because it would give them many benefits in the future exactly.



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Comparision on ROmeo and Juliet with Summer of My German Soldier

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Many authors have been inspired by William Shakespeare one way or another.

Sometimes they may not realize it, but a reader can identify comparisons immediately

while reading their novels. In Romeo and Juliet, one of Shakespeare’s greatest works,

and Summer of my German Soldier by Bette Green, there are some comparisons between




characters. These characters share similar ideas, thoughts, and feelings. Romeo and Juliet

has three main characters who help each other in time of need. These characters are Friar

Lawrence, Romeo, and Juliet. In Summer of my German Soldier, these charcters are

Ruth, Patty, and Anton.

Friar Lawrence was a guide and mentor towards Romeo and Juliet. He helped

them in every way he possibly could. He preformed their marriage and gave generally

good advice to them. Friar Lawrence tried to unite Rome and Juliet to bring them to

eternal happiness. Although he believed that this marriage was not such a good idea, he

married them anyway because he loves Romeo dearly. Both Romeo and Juliet turn to

Friar Lawrence every time they need guidance. They do not turn to their parents because

they do not have as much confidence in them as they do towards Friar Lawrence. They

turned to him for their final major problem, Juliets marriage to Paris. Friar Lawrence,

shocked and in a hurry, give a solution that will forever change the course of their love

and lives. He proposes that Juliet take a vile which will make her appear dead. The

turnout to this plan was not exactly what everyone planned. Romeo did not recieve the

letter explaining this plan, therefore killing himself seconds before Juliet awakes. Juliet

kills herself after realizes Romeo is dead. They both have unite, in there after life.

Ruth is the motherly figure towards Patty. She is there to listen, help, and give

advice to Patty.

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Alone by Edgar Allan Poe

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Edgar Allan Poe was born in 180, and died in 184. The actual cause of death is unknown. His obituary in the Baltimore Clipper said that he had died of congestion of the brain. One theory is that he died from Rabies, and another is that he died of an overdose. Alone, by Edgar Allan Poe was written in 180. When interpreting this poem, one would make an analysis about a part of the writer’s life and how he felt about an aspect of his own life. Many of Poe’s poetry is about personal experiences. There is not a hidden and a surface meaning when reading this poem. In the first verse of the poem it is clearly written that Poe has felt different from everyone else since his childhood. He does not see life as others did at that time. Poe seemed to feel an abundance of sadness to the point where even happiness was not an emotion to him, merely a word. It seems as though he found beauty in things that no one else did, and so he felt alone in a world that no one else was a part of; he felt different and misunderstood.

This poem was written when he was a young man, and so this poem could very well be about his adolescence and his not fitting into a society that was very much different from him. The verses “From the torrent, or the fountain, From the red cliff of a mountain, From the sun that round me rolled...,” can be symbolic for the moment when he began to feel rage and anger, but did not know why he felt this way. Red usually represents anger or passion, and torrent is obviously violent. The sun can represent light or burning heat, feelings that one may have when they become angry. Another reason I interpret this verse as emotions of rage and anger because in the last line he writes that while all of this was happening, he saw a cloud take the shape of a demon, when everyone else saw the sky as blue and “heavenly.” Poe knew that he was mentally unstable, but he did not know exactly why.” This poem evokes emotions of sadness and maybe loneliness, depending on the personality of the reader. It might even instill fear of being alone, of not being understood very well by others.

Edgar Allan Poe had a dark, disturbing, and somewhat twisted manner of writing. Some readers and critics consider his writing pessimistic. His writing also has a sense of honesty and sadness to it. Poe was a person who had many troubling experiences throughout his life. It seemed that all the women he loved ended up dying, and they all died from the same disease. Tuberculosis. To add to his misfortune, he was poor, didn’t have a stable job, and was an alcoholic. To escape from his saddened world, Poe drank and wrote short stories or poems with a pessimistic outlook. Having this dark attitude is what made Poe such a great and creative writer. Everything he was feeling he brought out in his work.




In this poem he writes more about life than about love, and incorporates nature a lot. He incorporates water, the sun, mountains, the sky. They can all be symbolic for emotions. Thunder and storm play a significant role in this poem when dealing with emotion. They may represent anger, sadness, sorrow and pain, the lack of clarity. The poem overall is about Poe being alone in the world because he was not how everyone else was “suppose to be. It also may have been a poem he wrote to release some of the emotion that he could not express to human beings verbally because he was already though of as crazy and abnormal. Maybe no one really knew that he felt that way inside and he did not want to let anyone know just exactly who he was. Perhaps he himself did not know exactly who he was, only that he felt anger and sorrow towards a world that everyone else seemed to find beautiful and fulfilling.





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steps to make indian industry competitive

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With forex reserves piling up rapidly and the rupee strengthening,import tariffs should be cut substantially so that the industry becomes globally competitive. The fact is that in India high tariffs were required by and permitted the existence of various distortions that were introduced by government for a variety of reasons. The problem is even more vexing for tariffs on agricultural products, where our tariffs are more defensive than protective. The high levels of subsidies given to agriculture by developed countries makes us uncompetitive despite our comparative advantage.Tariff reduction in India, must wait upon subsidy reduction by the developed countries if we are not to be suicidal.As far as our balance of payments position is concerned, the favourable conditions obtaining today are simply a reflection of the unacceptably low levels of investment in the economy. Estimates suggest that any reasonable recovery of the growth momentum will put pressure on the balance of payments, and it would therefore be prudent to keep the tariff instrument in a state of readiness. Indias import tariffs must drop sharply to reach Asean levels soon so that industry becomes more competitive There is a lot of pressure on the rupee to appreciate. A combination of less appreciation and more tariff reduction is ideal at this moment. This will help both exporters and importers. The underlying strength of the external sector has been established. It is also very clear now that in order to move to a much higher trajectory of growth, say, 7-8%, we will have to import much more than now and at lower duties. So given the underlying strength of the external sector, the most logical step is to speed up opening up of the economy. Former finance minister Yashwant Sinha had committed to bring down peak tariff to 0% by 004-05. The government must stick to this at the very minimum.Infact there should be an even sharper cut in peak rate to 10% by 006. Lower tariffs will improve competitiveness because users outnumber producers in the economy, even though the former are scattered and unable to present a unified lobbying voice. There should be just one customs tariff rate for both raw material and finished product because this will at once remove all confusion in regard to classification. Often a finished product can be treated as an intermediate and vice versa, creating negative duty protection in many sectors. For instance, import of cars can be treated as an input for a domestic travel or courier service. A single tariff will also at once remove a host of existing anomalies where the raw material duties are higher than those for finished products. The Indian industry is currently facing stiff international competition, both in domestic and export market. The slow process of domestic tax reforms is making many domestic units unviable with the falling tariff barriers and removal of quantitative restrictions. The government should eliminate the cascading effect of taxes on cost of domestic manufacture and remove trade barriers within the country so that Indian industry is not at a disadvantage.

. Again continuing in the same direction ,we know that the total tax incidence of Central and State taxes on goods manufactured in India is very high and generally ranges between 0 to 70 per cent of the cost of production. This high incidence is because of the narrow tax base. Indirect taxes are largely collected from the manufacturing sector. Moreover, even in the case of excise & customs, there are numerous exemptions. High tax incidence restricts demand for tax paid goods and consequently, the industrial growth and employment generation.Thus the following steps could be implemented

a) Moderation in the excise duty rates on manufactured goods & discontinues special excise duty currently on several products.

b) Central Sales tax should be abolished to make India a one common market and remove cascading effect of tax on inter-state transactions. This would enable Indian industry to achieve economy of scale in manufacture and gainfully use technology to reduce their manufacturing & distribution cost.




c) Replace the existing state specific sales-tax structure by integrated national VAT in a shortest possible time frame so that Indian industry can effectively compete in the emerging highly competitive world market.

d) The duty drawback structure should be modified to include sales-tax and other state taxes suffered by the export goods.

e) Service tax should be made full cenvatable to reduce its cascading effect.

f) Ladder system of custom duty structure should be ensured to strengthen Indian industry by keeping the custom duty on all the raw materials at 60% to 70% level fo the duty rate on finished goods in which these are used.

. The integration of world market post establishment of WTO has provided us an opportunity to increase our exports. India, with its large pool of skilled manpower, abundant entrepreneurship, natural resources and lower operating cost, is in an advantageous position to become sourcing hub for manufactured goods. To promote Indian industry as a global hub, we now require conducive fiscal environment and flexible labour laws, which promote investment,. We would recommend the following measures in this connection -

a)The fiscal laws & procedures should be simplified and these should be in consonance with the international law.

b)There should be stability in the tax structure. The tax incidence and implementation should be predictable for business decisions

c)The recent legislation on transfer pricing has created apprehension among foreign investors. The straight jacketed formula under transfer pricing regulation with its irrational concept like arithmetic average, certification of price by separate agencies, rigid documentary requirements and draconian penalties would discourage trans-national companies. The government should recognise that business conditions are dynamic and therefore rigid and inflexible approach to such tax legislation would discourage investment in India.

4. The government has the major responsibility of making Indian industry globally competitive.One of the most suggestive things the government itself can do is to attempt more e-governance to provide a boost to the industry’s economy and competitiveness One of the action points identified for the government is to utilise information technology in all areas of governance in order to improve efficiency, bring about transparency and accountability.Some key departments like the tax department could be in the forefront of implementing e-governance.The government should ensure that it establishes the required infrastructure and evolves the required legal framework .Also it should effectively manage cultural issues that may arise due to adoption of e-governance and finally implement the process of e-procurement for the government.The CII & the government can work jointly to put the Indian industry on a global map.Some of the areas on which it can closely work with the government so that it can boost the reform momentum and enhance the industry’s competiitveness are WTO and global trade issues,enhancing FDI inflows,financial & agricultural sector reforms,passage of important economic legislations,revival of manufacturing sector and simplification of procedures in small and medium enterprise sector.

5. The economic slow down & recessionary conditions in many countries has also affected Indias exports. The Indian exporters now face stiff competition and high currency risk. The slow process of domestic tax reforms have also imparted the cost competitiveness of India industry.The effect of the above factors has led to the deceleration of exports during the current year. This trend is likely to continue unless the Government take urgent measures to promote exports within the framework of IndiaS commitment to WTO. The Indian exporters should be encouraged and reassured on the fiscal implications of thier exports.The export industry is vast and have a direct impact on the Indian industry,thus to raise the level of competitiveness of the Indian industry the export industry should undergo some reforms. The exporters should be allowed to create a currency fluctuation reserve to take care of thier exchange risk out of the profit earned from exports. This would minimise the financial impact of exchange risk. A fixed percentage of each years profit can be transferred to this reserve account, subject to a monetary limit on the aggregate amount of such reserve not exceeding the foreign exchange exposure. The annual contribution to such reserve should be tax deductible at the time of transfer of amount to reserve account,. After a fixed period of, say, 5 or 8 years, such amount transferred to reserve account can be released on payment of tax. The tax deferment will provide financial support to the exporters to meet any foreign exchange risks, which may arise and improve their margins to some extent. AT the same time, the government will get its tax revenue, though after a specified period. A similar incentive mechanism was operating earlier for investment in plant & machinery as Development Reserve. Since the above export incentive only allow deferment of tax, it cannot be treated as a tax subside under WTO agreements and therefore it is WTO compatible. The impediment in the dedicated export unit u/s 10A(0 &10B() should be removed. This provision make an export unit disqualify export incentive given under these respective section if there is a merger, de-merger or transfer of such unit, In the case of domestic manufacturing unit eligible for similar incentive u/s 80-IB, there is no such hassles or disqualification. The harsh provision of the present guidelines under the Transfer Pricing regulations should be modified alteast for export business such as arithmetic average for determining price, lack of flexibility in the form of internationally accepted range in price comparison, excessive requirement for documentation and harsh penalties for any difference of opinion between the tax department and the assessee including the disallowance of export incentive de-motivate exporters from taking any investment risk for manufacturing in India for global sourcing.India has inherent capability of becoming a manufacturing hub for export to developed countries if favourable fiscal environment is created. It is strongly recommend tat the application of transfer pricing regulations in the case of exports should be deferred for atleast years until the tax department gain adequate experience of administering these new provisions. In the case of export prevision, the cascading effect of domestic taxes should be completely removed including the element of central sales tax, cess on export raw materials like tea, input state taxes etc. The Government should persuade state taxes to zero rate export provision.

6. One of the area of development should be the SSI(small scale industries).This should include special focus on areas such as technology upgradation, infrastructure assistance through cluster approach, timely availability of credit, adoption of modern management practices, use of electronic infrastructure and other IT applications to face the emerging challenges of trade liberalization.The SSI’S should have easier access to credit, availability of collateral free composite loan up to Rs.5 lakh, capital subsidy for technology upgradation and improved infrastructure. The SSIs should make efforts to match prices of domestic products with world prices by adopting waste reducing techniques, making improvements in designs, use of better materials, improved inventory management etc.; innovate/design new products and upgrade product quality to ensure that the consumers are not diverted towards imported products; adopt international/Indian product standards; ensure better package for domestic and export markets; ensure compliance with pre-determined delivery schedules; obtain patents for their products; expand the industrial units vertically by installing modern machinery rather than starting another small unit; explore areas for ancillarisation and develop linkages with other enterprises; restructure management and marketing practices; look for collaborations and tie-ups with foreign firms, which will take care of export marketing through their established channels and provide financial support; and improve productivity of labour.

7. As India is predominantly an agricultural country the agricultural industry and it’s growth is of prime importance in enhancing the competitiveness of Indian industry as a whole.Indian agriculture faces several challenges both internal and external. Ignoring the challenges will be perilous because the livelihood of two-thirds of the population is dependent on agriculture and allied activities.WTO’S trade policy review was marked by pressure on the country to reduce duty such as countervailing and special additional duty on imports. It is clear, there are external forces that challenge Indian agriculture and agribusiness. The intention is to crack open the one billion strong Indian market to highly subsidised foreign goods.Obviously all stakeholders in the country have to guard against India becoming a dumping ground for subsidized agriproducts. What can India do? Given the challenging internal and external environment and considering the fact that the fortunes of three-fourths of the population are directly dependent on our countrys farm-related policies, the need of the day is to strengthen domestic agriculture. India has all the factors of production � land, labour, sunshine, water and agro-climatic zones � except appropriate policies for an efficient management of resources. Input management is the most critical part that needs serious attention. Quite apart from supply of quality seeds, fertilisers and agro-chemicals, scientific management of scarce water resources deserves the highest priority. Flow of credit and delivery of credit needs special attention. # Budgetary outlay for agriculture related programmes and schemes has been shrinking. Funding for agriculture has to be raised and at the same time, an effective monitoring mechanism to ensure application of funds and value-for-money should be evolved. Rural infrastructure is non-existent. The money being wastefully spent on storage of unconscionable levels of foodgrain stocks as buffer should be better utilised for creating rural assets in the form of warehouses, roads, market yards etc. The private sector should be encouraged to go in for backward integration. Grant of some fiscal and other concessions may not be out of place to induce private investment in farming. Integrating resource poor farmers through contract farming can go a long way in addressing a number of production and marketing related issues. In many of these promotional activities, State governments have to take interest. They have to be pro-active and evolve policies that are friendly to both primary producers and processors. Under the Constitution, agriculture is a State subject. States should become accountable. The above recommended steps will in some or other possible way will boost the agricultural industry and will thus account for the growth and achievement of competitive excellence of Indian industry as a whole.To make this possible there has to be a unified vision and a collective approach so that the Indian industries are on a global map.

8. Apart from looking at recommendations and steps to achieve competitiveness the Indian industry should also focus on the competition from other countries and the study the threats and problems so that a common consensus is achieved for example the threat from Chinese products flooding Indian markets has received much media attention. It has been observed that Chinese imports are in the low tech, undifferentiated and value-for-money category. The Chinese set up world class manufacturing facilities and simultaneously kept labour costs low. Their expertise in large-scale quality manufacturing and high productivity is reflected in some of their products -- TVs and appliances -- closely matching Japanese and Korean companies in quality and price. The skill and productivity of an average industrial worker in China are better than his Indian counterpart because of the experience curve effect and the dedication of the workers. There have been reports of even prisoners being roped in to provide free labour. This results in decreased costs and the prisoner acquires skills enables him to earn a livelihood at the end of serving his sentence.This option though at small extent is a feasible option for India to look upon. Increasing the scale of operation through greenfield or brownfield (M&A) projects or a combination of the two may have to be contemplated speedily. In the latter case, the strategy of the pre- and post-integration process will require delicate handling, as miscarriages in mergers are a common phenomenon. Undoubtedly much attention will have to be directed at reducing waste, improving co-ordination with vendors, reducing the down time of machines, full capacity utilisation and better bargaining with buyers and traders. Simultaneously, it is critical for firms to focus on internal process improvements and improve efficiency, effectiveness and productivity. Each nation has its areas of competitive advantage and the time has come to make a strategic choice. The need is to foster such industries where India has a natural advantage, achievable critical mass of requisite managerial skills and technological capabilities to achieve international standards of design, quality and service parameters. The Chinese challenge is real. Careful reasoning and strategic analysis should determine the competitive advantages of Indian industries for making them internationally competitive.

. Some of the general recommendations to improve the standards of Indian industry would be the emphasis on infrastructure and regulatory reform.Besides,cross-subsidization,especially by private entrepreuners to various sectors have to be stopped.The CII also has some major responsibility to make the Indian industry globally competitive.The CII should set up a national taskforce on capital markets, which would review problems and loopholes in stock and securities markets, examine quality of regulation in SEBI and suggest reforms to bring transparency and investor confidence. The other initiatives in the financial sector would include a study on debt markets, banking reforms and privatization, pension reforms and troubled debt restructuring. The CII, should focus on four other important areas in order to pursue a competitive sustainable growth rate. These, would form the five-pronged action plan of CII and would include ‘‘increasing competitiveness, Focus on bank and capital markets, Governance, privatization and labor and Learning to play the WTO game. On the internal front, the CII should strengthen its corporate advisory services. These involve saving energy costs, TPM, TQM, lean production, QS 000, greening the supply chain, environment audits, and waste minimization. On the external front, CII should focus on detailed firm-level studies on competitiveness to get a clear quantitative fix on barriers, and thereby setting the stage for policy reforms. In addition, CII should also do a competitiveness ranking of states, suggest administrative and legal reforms to foster greater competition, and suggest direct and indirect tax reforms to remove impediments to competition. Indian industry should evolve a new paradigm of competitiveness based on entrepreneurship, innovation, leveraging existing resources, creating new markets and global orientation instead of focusing on problem areas like resource shortage, poor infrastructure and inflexible labour laws, among others. . Indian industry should learn to reduce its debt- equity ratio. With the service sector contributing to 5 per cent growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) and the manufacturing and agriculture sectors contributing each a little more than one per cent, the economy should be able to achieve eight per cent growth.Proffesionals and industrialist should impart CHANGE MANAGEMENT as the most crucial element foe achieving competitive excellence. Priority should be given to public investment in education, including primary and higher education, and the private sector given a bigger role in higher technical education.



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There are many advantages to Ballroom Dancing.

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like There are many advantages to Ballroom Dancing. even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like There are many advantages to Ballroom Dancing. in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

Ballroom dancing is a fantastic sport created and produced by many different people who were involved in the dancing era. Ballroom dancing is great for all types of people and includes a variety of dances. Ballroom dancing is not only for competitive purposes but used as a recreational activity in many different countries all over the world.

In 18 Victor Silvester created the ‘Modern Ballroom Dancing’style, which only included tango. His dancing style became the handbook of dancing internationally, until it Alex Moore improved the technique in 16. In 145 the Latin-American rumba, samba, calypso and cha-cha-cha were added to the ballroom dancing style. This is what is used today.

Ballroom dancing is an art, people choose to dance this style because of the variety involved. They are also aware of how social the dance is, which helps their confidence raise.

Ballroom dancing is a form of dancing for two, used both for social activity and as a competitive sport.




There are many profits, many benefits, and many enhancements to life if ballroom dancing is the avocation, pastime, or hobby. An enhanced appreciation of music and its rhythms are experiences. An increased sense of balance, and a more fluid movement in walking and running is a positive outcome.

Competent dancers are provided with an excellent learning experience in planning, goal setting, discipline, achievement, self-confidence, assuredness, and pride in their abilities. Ballroom dancing is enjoyed by many people all over the world, who have the privelage to use all advantages which accompany the fun, healthy, sport of Ballroom dancing.



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Reflection on "The Quiet World" and "Absence"

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“The Quiet World” by Jeffrey McDaniel



In an effort to get people to look

into each others eyes more,




and also to appease the mutes,

the government has decided

to allot each person exactly one hundred

and sixty-seven words, per day.

When the phone rings, I put it to my ear

without saying hello. In the restaurant

I point at chicken noodle soup.

I am adjusting well to the new way.

Late at night, I call my long distance lover,

proudly say I only used fifty-nine today.

I saved the rest for you.

When she doesn’t respond,

I know shes used up all her words,

so I slowly whisper I love you

thirty-two and a third times.

After that, we just sit on the line

and listen to each other breath.

“The Quiet World” by Jeffrey McDaniel is my favorite poem. It’s very beautiful and powerful. That’s why I chose it. It gives me a nice feeling when I read it, like love and romance still exist today.

The poem is about love and it shows the effect that love has on a person’s life. It has a large enough influence that a person would not speak all day just to save up words to talk to the person that he loves. It’s proof that love can still be a beautiful and special thing. The poem is about the large role that love plays in the lives of people.

“Absence” by Jeffrey McDaniel

On the scales of desire,

Your absence weighs more than someone else’s presence,

So I say no thanks to the woman who throws her girdle at my feet,

As I drop a postcard in the mailbox

And watch it throb like a blue heart in the dark.

Your eyes are so green � one of your parents must be part traffic light.

We’re both self-centered,

But the world revolves around us at the same speed.

Last night I tossed and turned inside a thundercloud.

This morning my sheets were covered in pollen.

I remember the long division of Saturday’s pomegranate,

A thousand nebulae in your hair,

As soldiers marched by,

Dragging big army bags filled with water balloons,

And we passed a lit match,

Back and forth,

Between our lips,

Under an oak tree I had absolutely nothing to do with.

I chose “Absence” by Jeffrey McDaniel because I think it’s an amazing poem. Jeffrey McDaniel is one of my favorite poets and I think his poems are so powerful.

I think the poem is about the one woman he loves. No other can compare to her and when she’s not around, he misses her terribly. She means so much to him and he remembers everything about her. He remembers everything they do so it can hold him over until the next time he sees her.



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Barthelme's Time Machine

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Hilmar Örn �skarsson Bókmenntir og myndlist

Time Machine

A Look at Barthelme’s “Sentence”

A brief glance at Barthelme’s “Sentence” might lead one to the conclusion that the story is simple and pure non-sense; completely devoid of all meaning and value in every respect. With such a glance one might even go so far as to call it gibberish � a total waste of the writer’s time and resources and then most definetely a waste of mine. However, a deeper and closer examination would without a doubt lead one to an entirely diffirent, more rewarding conclusion � there are in fact (at least) two highly important “factors of sense” to be found in Barthelme’s “Sentence.” One concerns the deceptive nature of literature as such and the other, to put it as simply as possible, tackles a question of time. I will discuss both of these here � however, for reasons soon to be known, my main emphasis is going to be on that second factor regarding time.




There is a strong deconstructive element in the “Sentence” and it’s deconstruction is primarily aimed, in a broad sense via literature, at language. Barthelme’s story has an important twist though in that it’s deconstructing does not take place solely on an aesthetic level or a theoretical one. In a sense it launches its attacks from both of these standpoints. If we were to break this argument up into smaller units we could say that on the aesthetic level attacker number one is the story itself. “Sentence” is essentially a work of art and as such dismantles itself to reveal what “makes it tick” so to speak and one might then define those shorter stories within the story as subsequent (smaller) attackers from the same army, for example the story about the married couple or the description of Robert Houdin’s Fantastic Orange Tree. This latter example becomes in fact a rather well accomplished flirt with the deception in Barthelme’s “Sentence” - being so completely shameless in it’s lying. On the other hand we have the theoretical side of the “Sentence” � it’s strong awareness of reader-response criticism and it’s somewhat scientific or at least methodical approach to dissecting itself.

thus, considering everything carefully, in the sweet light of the

ceremonial axes, in the run-mad skimble-skamble of information

sickness, we must make a decision as to wether we should proceed,

or go back, in the latter case enjoying the pathos of eradication, in

the former case reading an erotic advertisment

Here we have a perfect example of the forementioned reader-response criticism awareness. In this the “Sentence” not only assumes a reader (which can of course be said of many other and much older literary works) but also assumes that this reader can be a somewhat “unstable” or perhaps fleeting phenomenon. This concluding segment of the story can be viewed as a fair example of the latter

and Ludwig falls through the Tugendhat House into the history

of man-made objects; a disappointment, to be sure, but it reminds

us that the sentence itself is a man-made object, not the one we

wanted of course, but still a construction of man, a structure to be

valued for its weakness, as opposed to the strength of stones

And here we have the bottom line; the “Sentence” or any sentence for that matter (and both literature and language as such along with them) is weak and nobody should try to define it in any other way. Language is a “man-made object” and is therefore subject to the same completely unavoidable human flaws as man himself. However, we are still supposed to treasure the sentence for what its worth, even though it does not posess “the strength of stones” so Barthelme’s story shouldn’t be considered as pessimistic. Language has value; just simply not the value man is normally inclined to grant it.

Turning then to the above mentioned question of time. Barthelme’s “Sentence” is in fact primarily concerned with time and furthermore one could say that it deals with this issue mostly on a philosophical level rather than a literary one. In this respect one could even go so far as to call the story’s literary value a nice but never the less unavoidable by-product. There are a number of allusions to time itself to be found in the “Sentence” � some of whom are quite obvious but there are also a few (in a sense) hidden and more complex allusions.

Or a long sentence moving at a certain pace down the page aiming

for the bottom […] where it can rest, or stop for a moment to think

about the questions raised by its own (temporary) existance, which

ends when the page is turned, or the sentence falls out of the mind

that holds it (temporarily) in some kind of an embrace

It is clear that one understands this opening segment of the “Sentence” more fully when one has read the story through to its end although both “opening segment” and “end” don’t do justice to the story’s logic so to speak � the “Sentence” in fact does not begin nor end anywhere. Furthermore it is not supposed to begin nor end, it is supposed to take place beyond time so to speak, since its main subject matter is time itself. What Barthelme attempts is a sort of neutralization of time, and thus tries to create some, although small and vulnerable, room to say what is in fact impossible to say about time. Regarding this, one can for example mention his use of brackets around the direct allusions to time, thereby giving these allusions a sort of “beside the point” feeling. I think this is absolutely necessary � to receive the story’s full impact the reader must be fairly unaware of its hidden agenda so to speak. The “Sentence” points the reader to where the beast lies but never goes so near as to wake it up beacause then it would most certainly be ripped to pieces before the reader had even had a chance to figure out what was being pointed at.

In this respect Barthelme fails and of course can not but fail (the neutralization of time already presupposes its existance) but his “Sentence” is highly successful in other ways. It does say a certain “something” although nobody could ever explain in detail what that certain “something” is. It manages to raise questions concerning the nature of time - questions a reader might not have contemplated until reading Barthelme’s “Sentence” � questions that may or may not lead one to conclude that time is in itself a cold and even brutal phenomenon. Time doesn’t fly. Time never flies. This conception of time, like language “is a man-made object” and furthermore it is perhaps a conception that man can not live without. It is perhaps absolutely essential for human beings to feel that they have some sort of control where time is concerned even though this control is for the most part fabricated by man himself. A fabrication needed to prevent “a condition so damaging to real-time social intercourse of any kind.” It is clear that this discussion of Barthelme’s “Sentence” has been drifting (somewhat aimlessly I’ll admit) from its original deconstructive reasoning to a more existential one. However, I think this shift in theoretical emphasis is a logical one. Realizing that language is essentially without meaning and that time is simply there and constant may be the quickest way to experience, first-hand, existential anxiety and despair.

Gertrude Stein is an ideal example of an author who values the weakness of language in this “Barthelmenian” sense. Her Tender Buttons are well aware of the flaws that inevitably taint all “man-made” objects and in this particular work she is also quite often concerned with questions of time. True, she doesn’t answer these questions, like Barthelme, on a somewhat theoretical basis but then again theory aims toward meaning - Tender Buttons on the other hand, and in a sense, denies its existance. A look at Stein



A WAIST

[…]

A piece of crystal. A change, in a change that is remarkable there

is no reason to say that there was a time.

[…]

ROASTBEEF

[…]

All the time that there is use there is use and any time there is a

surface there is a surface, and every time there is an exception

there is an exception and every time there is a division there is a

dividing. Any time there is a surface there is a surface and every

time there is a suggestion there is a suggestion and every time

there is silence there is silence and every time that is languid there

is that there then and not oftener, not always, not particular, tender

and changing and external and central and surrounded and singular

and simple and the same and the surface and the circle and the

shine and the succor and the white and the same and the better and

the red and the same and the centre and the yellow and the tender

and the better, and altogether.

[…]

Barthelme’s “Sentence” and this latter example from Stein’s Tender Buttons may of course be considered as somewhat similar projects. In the second sentence of this latter example Stein “breaks the rules” in two important ways. Firstly, this said sentence is far from coherent and, perhaps more importantly, it also refuses to be concluded but goes on and on via endless “and’s” and is in that respect very similar to Barthelme’s story. Stein lacks Barthelme’s theoretical or scientific support (for reasons already known) and the “Sentence” is of course considerably longer but I think the basic thought is still the same. We can say then (for the purposes of this discussion) that Stein, with her Tender Buttons, provides the interior decorations for Barthelme’s Time Machine half a century before it was built.

Sources

Barthelme, Donald. 170. “Sentence” - Postmodern American Fiction (ed. Paula Geyh, Fred G. Leebron, Andrew Levy.) W.W. Norton & Company. 18. New York.

Stein, Gertrude. 114. Tender Buttons, http//www.bartleby.com/140





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Acceptance Essay

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Acceptance Essay even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Acceptance Essay in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

I, sit down to write this essay, there are several

questions that continue to run through my mind. Crossing the threshold of a

protective educational environment, to an independent level I wonder, what do I

hope to get out of continuing my education? As a prospective educator, what do




I hope to provide my students with? And last, what paths do I need to follow to

fulfill my destiny.

Like many of my peers and college students, I view the excess education

in college as a way to “broaden my horizons” and a way to help me obtain a job

that will provide sufficient pay. Yet aside from that popular view, I have set

many goals for myself that will allow me to receive the full benefits of my college

education. My first, and most important educational goal is to receive a degree.

As a person who thrives on educational achievement, I cannot forecast attending

a university for 4 to 5 years and not be able to become a specialist in my desired

field of education. In addition to caring so much about my grades, I have

already set in myself to maintain above a .0 grade point average while in

college. Last, I hope to gain a great knowledge of the teaching profession, so

that I will be able to administer my skills to students.

There are countless reasons why I chose to become an educator. As a

student in the public school system, I have witnessed teachers belittle their

students, get into legal troubles, and not have a high standard of a character.

That is the reason, why my number one career objective is to be a moral leader

and to show students a model citizen as well as a compassionate educator. In

addition to being a role model, I hope to be able to teach students lessons on life

and how to appreciate their education by applying fun and interesting tactics

that will encourage them to be excited about school.

Mind that the sample papers like Acceptance Essay presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Mending wall

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One way you can read Mending Wall by Robert Frost is that it is about a man who rebuilds the wall seperating his property from his neighbour’s. This man, this persona created by Gray doesn’t seem to believe there is a use for the wall as “he [the neighbour] is all pine and I [the persona] am apple orchard” but his neighbour believes that “good fences make good neighbours”. The persona tries to change his neighbour’s opinion by trying to “put a notion in his head” but his neighbour seems to just ignore him. So the persona gets annoyed and thinks of him as an “old-stone savage”. This is a very simple situation which we can all relate to. But, if we read deeper into the poem we may find the meanings that Robert Frost wanted us to see. Firstly, as we know that this persona is against the building of walls where not necessary we find that it is this persona that initiates the re-building of the wall “I let my neighbour know beyond the hill”. This gives the reader something to think about � it puts questions in the reader’s mind as to why he would initiate this if he doesn’t think it’s necessary. One reason may be that this persona enjoys the company of his neighbour � but he gets frustrated with him. Maybe this persona is a lonely person and any company is good company � they “meet to walk the line”. Maybe through mending the wall between them they are mending their friendship. These are all viable options and as we read further into the poem we may understand to a greater extent why he does this. When the two start building the wall the reader may notice that words such as “we” and “our” are used giving the feeling of cooperation and companionship. The persona once calls this task an “outdoor game” which connotes feelings of enjoyment, cooperation, competition. The fact that they walk “the line” “one on a side” gives a visual image in the readers mind and may remind them of a tennis game. I must emphasize that what is being told in the poem is from the persona’s point of view � not directly Frost’s � so the reader must beware and realise that it is possible that the persona is wrong in some of his comments. “There where it is we do not need the wall” � this comment being straight to the point makes the reader feel as if the persona is denying the fact that it is the wall that brings the two men together to cooperate with one another and to converse with one another (to a certain extent). The line directly after this comment segregates the two from one another by contrasting the type of people they are with each other. “he is all pine and I am all apple orchard” � the fact that this statement comes directly after the comment on the uselessness of the wall suggests that it is these kind of attitudes that puts a barrier between people thus segregating them from one another. Personification of the persona’s apple trees is used to explain to the reader just how much this persona undermines his neighbour. “my apple trees will never get across, and eat the cones under his pines”. Even though this comment is light-hearted and almost humorous it gives the reader the impression that the persona thinks of himself as a more intelligent person than his neighbour thus feeling that he needs to explain why the wall is unnecessary.


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The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1922

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The Performance of the Economy of Ireland before 1


Ireland is a small country, an island to the west of Britain, which in turn is a somewhat larger and much more densely populated island to the west of mainland Europe. The island consists of two political units, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, which is part of the UK. The division of the island into two political units, and hence two economies, dates from 1. This piece will provide a broad historical background to the economy from the late seventeenth century to 1.


.1. Growth and Early Industrialisation 160-1815


The Economy in 160





At the time of the Battle of the Boyne in 160 the Irish economy was predominantly rural, although it was no longer a ‘woodland’ society. Population stood at a little under two million, roughly double the level of a century before. With the spread of population the forest cover was rapidly disappearing, giving way to both grazing and tilling. The largest town, Dublin, had a population of around 60,000 inhabitants.


The country was an important exporter, especially of grain, beef, butter, wool, and to a lesser extent, linen. Earnings on these exports were spent on items such as coal and tobacco, with a surplus on the current account of the balance of payments amounting to perhaps 10 per cent of exports. It was observed that Ireland was not significantly poorer, and was possibly better off than most of continental Europe at that time, although less affluent than most of England. Income was distributed unevenly. Land was owned by perhaps 10,000 landlords, and six-sevenths of the land was held by Protestants. Much of this was let out to farmers, who in turn frequently sublet small plots to hired casual labour.


Growth and Structural Change


The essential features of economic growth during the period 160-1815 were a rapid recovery after the war, a period of relative stagnation (1700-0), twenty five years of crisis which included two famines (170-45), and a long wave of sustained and relatively rapid economic growth (1745-1815). The evidence for these is indirect, since few economic statistics were collected at the time.


The seventeenth century saw rapid changes in the structure of the Irish agricultural economy. Cattle exports gave way to beef; sheep exports fell and never recovered; butter and pig production soared; and the country turned from being a net importer, to an important exporter of grain. At the same time Ireland became a major producer of textiles, notably linen. Two explanations have been offered for these structural changes.


The first focuses on English laws. In 1667 the Cattle Act excluded Irish cattle, sheep, beef and pork from England, forcing the country to export wool rather than sheep and to search for new markets for meat. More positively, the granting of duty-free access to England for linen helped that industry. However, the significance of the English laws for Irish economic growth is a matter of controversy. Writers in the nationalist vein have stressed the ways in which English handicapped Irish growth. The Woollen Acts are viewed as stunting the development of the Irish woollen industry. Cullen (17) argues that in response to the Cattle Acts the country successfully developed other outlets for cattle, and switched for other activities. The Acts may have provided more jobs than would otherwise have been the case by forcing the country to turn from ranching and orienting it towards tillage and dairying.


The second explanation for the structural change in agriculture rests on the response to an increase in the relative price of agricultural commodities, especially grain. In part this reflected the increasing urbanisation of Britain and the resultant growing demand for food. This improvement in the terms of trade increased the incomes of farmers. Ireland continued to export grain until the late 1860’s, when the falling costs of shipping, coupling with the opening up of the American Mid-West, brought cheaper grain to Europe.


Industrial change was dominated by the rise of the linen industry, which Cullen calls ‘perhaps the most remarkable instance in Europe of an export based advance in the eighteenth century’. From a low base in the 160’s linen exports rose rapidly, accounting for a quarter of all exports by 171. Other industries also expanded and modernised, notably those based on the processing of agricultural products, such as brewing, distilling and flour milling. This was due in part to the Industrial Revolution. The organisation of many industries was radically changed, with the establishment of breweries, textile factories and glass works large enough to benefit from economies of scale. The road network was greatly improved and the first canals were built.


Eighteenth century Ireland experienced occasional recessions. The trigger was typically a poor harvest, which led to reduced exports without a similarly large reduction in imports. The resulting balance of payments deficit was financed by an outflow of money (gold and coin), reducing the money supply and leading to tighter credit. In the short run this tended to depress economic activity, although in the long run domestic prices simply fell, stimulating exports and restraining imports until the balance of payments deficit was erased.


Distribution of Income and Wealth


The benefits of economic growth in the late eighteenth century were not equally spread. The most evident rift was that between landowners and the large rural proletariat. Under the Penal laws Catholic tenants were supposed to pay rent equal to two thirds of the ‘annual value of the land’ but rents of a third of gross output were more normal. Thus a relatively few landlords, and the middlemen and farmers to whom they rented, and who in turn rented subplots to casual workers, extracted a large surplus from the poor majority.


A second divide was between Catholic and Protestant. The Penal Laws placed restrictions on the right of Catholics to purchase land, to worship, to run schools, to vote, to take public office, to enter the professions, to take long leases, and to bequeath property. Barred from the professions and politics, able Catholics often turned their energy towards commerce, and the expansion of trade helped create a significant Catholic middle class.


The third divide was between town and country. Dublin grew to be the second town of the UK by 1800, with a population of about 00,000. Cork had 80,000 inhabitants, Limerick 0,000, while Belfast was still a minor town. That the country was able to support such a significant urban population, and to export increasing quantities of food, reflected a growing agricultural surplus and rising agricultural productivity.


.. Rural Crisis 1815-1850


The period of 1815 to 1850 was one of rural crisis, culminating in the disaster of the Famine. This crisis was reflected in rising emigration. This was also the period when Ireland most clearly failed to participate in the Industrial Revolution, which was, then in full spate in Britain.


Population


The census of 1841 enumerated 8. million people in Ireland, a higher level than any measured before or since, and over half the level of Great Britain. Since 1750 the population had risen at an average rate of 1. per cent per year, which was well above the rates recorded in England or France. Yet, by the 180’s the growth rate had fallen to 0.6 per cent, due almost entirely to massive emigration, which probably absorbed about half a per cent of the population annually after 180. A majority of the emigrants went to North America, and they accounted for a third of the free transatlantic migration of the period. Most of the rest went to Britain, which absorbed perhaps half a million Irish between 1815 and 1841. Once the flow of migration became established it created a momentum of its own, as early emigrants sent back money to pay the way for other family members, and helped to get new migrants established in America.


The elevated population growth was largely due to high marital fertility. There is no entirely satisfactory explanation for the high martial fertility. The age at which women married and the proportion of women who married were in line with contemporary European experience. It is possible that it was due to a good diet, a weak tradition of birth control, or a desire to have children, whether for pleasure or to help face old age. Life expectancy at birth was 7-8 years, lower than in Britain or Scandinavia, but high than in most of the rest of Europe.


Growth and Incomes


On the eve of the Great Famine, Ireland was one of the poorest countries in Europe. Per capita income was about 40 per cent of the British level, and half of it was generated in agriculture. Yet if the country was poor, it was also well fed, on grain, potatoes and dairy products. If equitably distributed, there was ample food for good health, but problems arose when the potato failed, as it did in the South-West in 18, in Mayo in 181 and in Donegal in 186.


It has been common to consider the 1815-1850 period as one of general ‘deindustrialisation’, during which the importance of industry in the economy fell. This is only partly correct. For the island as a whole industrial output appears to have increased. Large scale and more efficient production methods were applied in many industries, the road system was improved and banks were organised. Despite these changes, rural industry declined.


The first cause of rural deindustrialisation was that the woollen and cotton industries wilted in the face of competition from Britain after 184 when the last tariffs on goods from Britain were removed. A second blow to rural industry was the invention of a method for mechanically spinning flax, which made hand-spinning redundant, thereby depriving large numbers of families of a supplementary source of income.


Despite a rapid fall in prices after 1815, agricultural exports continued to rise, notably livestock and butter and, most dramatically, grain and flour. By the 180’s Ireland exported enough grain to feed about two million people annually, which testifies to the dynamism of the agricultural sector, which increasingly used new technologies such as improved seeds, crop rotations, better ploughs and carts.


The most traumatic event of the period was the Famine. After a wet summer, blight arrived in September 1845 and spread over almost half the country, especially the East. Peel’s Westminster government provided funds for maize and meal; relief works were set up, and when these proved inadequate more funds were made available. Famine was largely avoided. However, the potato crop failed completely in 1846, and by December about half a million people were working on relief works, at which stage they were ended. The winter was harsh. By August 1847 an estimated three million people were being supported by soup kitchens, including also three quarters of the population of some western counties. The 1847 harvest was not severely harmed, but it was small because a lack of seed constrained the area planted to a sixth of the pre-Famine level. The blight returned in 1848 and in 184 over 00,000 people were in the workhouses at some time or another. After 1847 the responsibility for supporting the poor had increasingly been shifted from the government to the local landowners, who by and large did not have sufficient resources to cope. Noting that a few years later Britain spent £6 million on the (futile) Crimean war, Moykr (18) argues that for half this sum ‘there is no doubt that Britain could have saved Ireland’. It is also unlikely that an independent Ireland could have done so without outside support.


As a direct result of the famine about one million people died. Three fifths of those who died were young (under ten) or old (over 60), although they constituted just one-third of the population. Serious famines were not uncommon in Europe until the seventeenth century; what was so unusual, and shocking, about the Irish Famine was that it occurred so recently.


The output of potatoes fell by three-quarters. In response, exports of grain, and pork (which used potatoes) fell by two-thirds, the use of potatoes for animal fodder ceased, and food imports rose very rapidly. As a result the amount of calories available for direct consumption barely fell, on a per capita basis. This gives credence to Amartya Sen’s contention that famines are rarely caused by an absolute lack of food, but rather by a change in the food entitlements of major groups in society. Thus labourers were unable to find employment when blight reduced the need for harvesting and planting potatoes; without income they could not buy food, and so became destitute. It follows that what is usually needed during a famine is income support rather than mere injections of food. This view forces us to turn to the sources and distribution of income, and not on crop failures alone, as part of the explanation of famine.


Distribution of Income and Wealth


Pre-Famine Ireland probably had a ‘very unequal distribution of income by West European standards.’ According to the 1841 census, 6 percent of the population has access to less than five acres of land, or were ‘without capital, in either money, land or acquired knowledge’. A further per cent were artisans, or had farms of between 5 and 4 acres. The remaining per cent were professionals and rentiers, and included approximately 10,000 proprietors, or 0.1 per cent of the population who owned at least 100 acres.


There is evidence that the largely rural proletariat, who constituted somewhat over half of the total population, became worse off during the thirty years prior to the Famine. This vulnerable group was ravaged by the Famine; between 1845 and 1851 the number of small farms, of between one and five acres, halved.


Why did Ireland Remain Poor?


There is no shortage of hypotheses as to why Ireland remained poor, and hence uniquely vulnerable by European standards to the chance failure of the potato crop. Nor does a single clear cause emerge. Ireland was not unique in undergoing rural deindustrialisation and depopulation. It is possible that the appropriate question is why some areas did industrialise, for in the early nineteenth century this was the exception rather than the rule.


A Malthusian explanation. ‘The land of Ireland’, wrote Malthus in 1817,’is infinitely more peopled than in England; and to give full effect to the natural resources of the country a great part of the population should be swept from the soil’. If population growth persists in surpassing the growth of food production ‘gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one might blow levels the population with the food of the world.’ Although consistently popular, the Malthusian explanation has been sharply questioned.


Even before the Famine Ireland had more cultivable land per person than Belgium or England and Wales, although less than France or Denmark. Given the rise in food exports, it is unlikely that population was outstripping food supplies in pre-Famine Ireland. Malthus himself late changed his mind, and by 186 considered that, given enough inputs, Ireland could develop ‘prodigious wealth, perhaps even surpassing England in income’.


Insecurity of land tenure. In pre-Famine Ireland most farmers were tenants, and some of them had short leases. If they were to undertake fixed investment in their farms they ran the risk that the landlord would raise the rent. So, the argument goes, farmers invested too little in agriculture, except perhaps in Ulster, where thirty-year leases were more common.


Agricultural growth was not hampered in earlier or later periods because of the system of tenancies, and did not increase as a result of the shift to owner-occupancy in the early twentieth century. Most annual tenancies were quite secure, and routinely renewed without significant rent increases.


Natural resources. One of the most common explanations for Ireland’s failure to industrialise is that it lacks extensive deposits of coal. In England, 85 per cent of the textile industry was located in coal-mining areas.


In England coal costs came to about four per cent of the total cost of manufacturing textiles; coal was perhaps two and a half times as expensive in Ireland, thereby increasing costs by six per cent. This was easily offset by lower wages in Ireland. The fact that some industries did succeed suggests that coal was not the indispensable missing ingredient for industrialisation.


Lack of capital. It has sometimes been argued that Ireland lacked capital, and that this hampered its ability to industrialise. However in the aggregate capital does not seen to have been lacking. In 1860 Irish residents held £40 in British government stock, and £0 million in Irish banks, a total value approaching the value of national income.


Despite adequate amounts of savings, there may still have been shortages, because of the system of intermediation, which matched savings with investors, may have been inadequate. Many industrialists appear to have become landowners rather than reinvest in their businesses, victims of what Lee (18) terms ‘ the aristocratic cult’.


Human resources. Some commentators have argued that Ireland did not industrialise because it lacked key human resources. In this view there were not enough, entrepreneurs, the population lacked education, and emigration sucked out the best and the brightest.


In 1841, 54 per cent of men and 41 per cent of women could at least read, which was a respectable level of literacy given that all education was private before 181. The establishment if the National Board of Education helped ensure almost universal literacy by the end of the nineteenth century, although the improvement was gradual. Those who emigrated appear to have been slightly less literate than the population at large, and to have come disproportionately from the poorest strata of society. In some areas including linen, banking and other industries, there were a significant number of entrepreneurs, although not all of them were Irish. Moykr (18) argues that the landlord class failed as entrepreneurs, and that they should have been a major force for change and improvement, but too often were absent from the estates to be effective.


Competition from Britain. The industrial revolution in Britain made manufactured goods less expensive, and centralised production close to the main markets. Improvements in transport carried these goods to Ireland cheaply.


Some argue that Ireland could only have stood up to such competition if it had the ability to impose tariffs and imports. Others however have pointed out that Scotland managed to industrialise successfully. It is clear that the industrial revolution spelled an end to cottage production, but it is not obvious why this had to be due to competition from British rather than Irish manufacturers. This is why a search for other, deeper explanations of the Irish failure to industrialise is called for.


.. Fewer But Richer 1850-11


The seventy years following the Famine witnessed enormous changes in Irish society and saw the emergence of the modern economy. Over this period per capita income more than doubled, while the population fell by a third. A rural middle class emerged, replacing landlords and squeezing out rural labourers. Within agriculture tillage declined, and the production if dry cattle increased. The North-East became industrialised.


Population


The dominant demographic fact of the period is that population declined, from 6.6 million in 1851 to 4. million by 16. Without emigration the population would have risen, by about one per cent annually in the 1860’s, and by half a per cent annually at the turn of the century. Over the period 180 to 145 an estimated 4.5 million Irish emigrated to the US, comparable in magnitude to the flows from Italy, Austria and Britain.


Growth and Incomes


Astonishingly, between 1840 and 11 per capita incomes in Ireland rose at 1.6 per cent per year, faster than any other country in Europe. Where Irish incomes averaged 40 per cent of the British level in 1840, this proportion had risen to 60 per cent in 11. Part of the explanation of this is statistical. The Famine, and subsequent high levels of immigration, removed a disproportionate number of the very poor; even if those who remained experienced no increase in their incomes, average income would have been higher than before.


Income also rose because of dramatic increases in output per worker. The North-East became highly industrialised and in the rest of the country agricultural productivity rose rapidly. Textiles and shipbuilding, as well as their upstream activities such as the manufacture of boilers for linen mills and rope-making and engineering for Harland and Wolff, increased dramatically at the end of the 1th century.


It is sometimes wondered why the North-East industrialised while by and large the rest of the country did not. There was no lack of capital, and indeed from the 1880’s on Irish residents were net lenders of capital to the rest of the world. The primary school system expanded rapidly, enrolling 8,000 in state-subsidised schools in 1841, and 1,07,000 by 1887. Enterprise may have been lacking, although clearly not in the Lagan valley. Some ascribe the growth of industry in the North-East to the role of the Protestant ethic, however industrial development in Europe was not in general tied to Protestant areas. Government investment had a small role, although the efforts of the Belfast harbour board to clear a deepwater channel and reclaim dockland for industrial use turned out to be a key factor in attracting shipbuilders. Perhaps the explanation rests on chance, the idea that once Belfast grew as an industrial centre, accumulating skills, capital and infrastructure, then it became an increasingly attractive location for further investment.


Distribution of Income and Wealth


As late as 1870, 7 per cent of all land was owned by landlords who rented it out to others to farm. Just 750 families owned 50 per cent of the land in the country. However, between 1870 and 15 the landed proprietors ‘surrendered their power and property’ in one of the most extensive, and most peaceful, land reforms in history.


The Land League maws founded by Michael Davitt, and forged a link with Parnell and the Irish party in parliament. Their efforts resulted in the Land Act of 1881, which established land courts to hear rent appeals. Further efforts prompted legislation which provided tenants with government loans with which to purchase their land. Under the Ashbourne Act of 1885 and the Wyndham Act of 10 nearly 400,000 tenants bought their land. By 117 almost two-thirds of tenants had acquired their holdings.


In 1841 1. million classified themselves as ‘farm servants and labourers’; by 111 the number had fallen to 0. million. Despite problems of definition, it is generally accepted that this period saw the virtual disappearance of the hired labourer from Irish agriculture. Not only did many farm labourers die during the Famine, but they were particularly prone to emigrate, as wages were batter elsewhere


The distribution of income can be considered in other dimensions too. Protestants maintained their share of national income. This largely reflected the growth of the industrial North-East, which was dominated by Protestant interests, and the fact that Catholics were more likely to emigrate (and more died in the Famine). The small towns stagnated, and so did Dublin until late in the century. Dublin’s tenement slums were notorious, and probably contained a third of the inner city population. In 110 the average weekly earnings of a family in Dublin were between a quarter and a third lower than in Britain. In contrast to the rest of the country Belfast and Derry grew rapidly. Real wages in Belfast trebled in the sixty years from 1850. The zenith of Belfast’s prosperity came during and immediately after World War I, with a boom in shipbuilding and engineering. Another cleavage was apparent between the poorer western fringe and the rest of the country.


.4. Conclusion


The significant events of Irish economic history have been marshalled to support a number of different interpretations.


Nationalists emphasise the ways in which the links between the Irish economy and Great Britain have worked to Ireland’s detriment. Writers in this vein have stressed the damage caused by the plantations, the Navigation, Cattle and Woollen Acts, the solid growth during the years of Grattan’s parliament, the lowering of tariffs in the years after the Act of Union, the ineffectiveness of relief efforts during later years of the Famine, and the costs of Ireland’s inability to protect its industry from British goods during the second half of the nineteenth century. This approach has typically been used to lead to the conclusion that Ireland would be better of economically with independence.


Marxists stress the role of the conflict between different classes within the country. Thus, for instance, the Famine and subsequent emigration swept away the greater part of the rural proletariat, paving the way for the emergence of a rural bourgeoisie, which in due course wrested control over the land from the aristocracy. In this view the labouring class, whether agricultural or industrial, never achieved enough strength to effect significant social or economic change, and the indigenous capitalist class failed in its mission of creating a dynamic industrial base.





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