How and why did England lead the way during the industrial revolution in the 19th century?

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England lead the way for the Industrial Revolution as the Agricultural Revolution and the rise of capitalism changed the purpose and nature of the work industry. Before the Industrial Revolution, villages fed themselves, and animals grazed in common pastures. The farmers would leave one field fallow every season because they wanted to save the soil. They realized this wasn’t efficient so they started to plant turnips, clovers, and use all the fields so that more could grow at once. They needed to change their way of work because the old way wasn’t efficient. Early capitalism can be seen in the cottage industry. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership, free competition, and profit.


As the cottage industry couldn’t keep up with the demand for textiles, production moved to factories. The merchant’s role in the cottage industry was to supply the materials (wool and cotton) to the cottages to be carded and spun. The process took a long time because the workers had to take the supplies to different buildings. They took the supplies from the spinning cottages to the weaving cottages, and then to the dying cottages where they would sell it as finished cloth. The merchants would sell their products for more than the material and labor costs which would give them a higher profit. When the factories were built and they didn’t have to move from place to place the cloth was finished faster.


The growing number of factories provided many jobs for people across England. This was an alternative source of income for peasants, and the new class of merchants made a big profit. The new inventions were the spinning jenny, water frame, and spinning mule which improved the spinning. The power loom sped up weaving and the cotton gin separated seeds from cotton. The factories had to be located near rivers because they used the push of water to make the machines work. Britain’s textile industry increased enormously, and the majority of villagers were forced to leave their small towns and find work in urban factories.


Textile production was increased with the invention of the coal powered steam engine. Early factories relied on horses, oxen, and water mills. The steam engine evolved in response to the increasing need for power. Steam power was used wherever coal existed, and it greatly increased textile production and improved mining. More metals were produced because of the mining, which in turn helped fuel other industries. The factories no longer needed to be located next to a river so people were able to move and still have a job. Coal was needed in order to power steam engines so mining became a popular job. Britain produced more iron than all other countries in the world combined, and coal powered Britain’s enormous navy. As the production changed so did forms of transportation.


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Changes in production lead to other new inventions, including inventions that “revolutionized” transportation. Before the inventions of stone roads, canals, and railroads, pre-industrial society used horses, and mules on dirt roads as their source of transportation. People in England could pay less money for transportation and could travel faster from place to place. The railways fueled other industries which contributed positively to work of people. The railroad expanded rapidly through Britain and pollution started to become a problem. New cities and towns were built because of the fast access to different parts of the country.


Geographical, political, and social factors helped make Britain the leader of the industrial revolution. The climate in Britain was good for textile production, and they had many natural resources such as iron and coal available which helped factories grow. The government allowed people to relocate while encouraging internal trade. The government also helped build roads and canals which made the transportation more accessible and faster. Britain was the first country to industrialize so no other countries were competing for manufactured goods, and their technology helped them become stronger and more advanced than the surrounding countries





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